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The Attribution Theory by George Kelly
Attribution theory and its application
Attribution theory and its application
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Recommended: The Attribution Theory by George Kelly
Attribution is a psychological theory addressing the process by which individuals explain the causes of behaviour and events. This is linked to Weiner’s original attribution model and involves whether an individual attributes their successes to factors that are stable or unstable, and internal or external. Weiner’s attribution theory suggests that: • Ability is internal and stable, but beyond the direct control of the performer • Effort is internal and unstable but can be controlled by the performer • Luck is external, unstable and beyond the control of the performer • Task difficulty is external and stable but beyond control of the performer Therefore, if a performer attributes their failures to internal factors such as ability and effort, this would result in feelings of frustration shame and anger. However, if this performer chooses to attribute their failures to external factors such as chance and the difficulty of the task, they are likely to feel more surprised rather than feel disappointed in themselves. The same applies for successes, as performers...
The self-serving bias is the tendency for an athlete to accommodate to factors that paint the athlete in a favorable light. In the athletic realm, individuals portray the self-serving bias to foster future, effective performance in a sport. Whereas an athlete will attribute positive events to the doing of themselves, an athlete will attribute negative events to the doing of others. Although an individual may be inaccurate when imputing a factor, the self-serving bias is a method by which an individual safeguards esteem. It is this protection of esteem that is paralleled in the attribution theory. For instance, an athlete uses the self-serving bias to attribute success as a byproduct of the team. On the other hand, the athlete uses the self-serving
There are many differences between cultures around the world. The way individuals perceive and go about their daily lives are affected by their culture. Culture and Causal Cognition by Ara Norenzayan and Richard E. Nisbett reveals the dissimilarities between America and East Asia cultural influences on reasoning. Fundamental attribution error is the phenomenon that is mentioned in this study. The fundamental attribution error states that individuals usually are inclined to see actions and behaviors as a result of temperaments equivalent to the nature of the individual. An experiment described in this research article stated that when participants were given an essay to read, they automatically assumed that the person who wrote the essay shared the same views in which they wrote about. This study was one with American participants and it showed American participants inferred that the individual who was given instructions to write about a specific subject shared the same belief in which they wrote about. For example, a participant can be instructed to write about the Republican Party, and how a republican president would make America a better country. Reading the article, an
This book explains all there is to know about the subject of forgiveness. It meticulously explains what forgiveness is, why it can be challenging, the psychological and spiritual benefits to forgiveness, how to forgive, and gives many examples of true forgiveness. The authors express in detail what true forgiveness looks like and how letting go of the pain others inflict upon you can provide a chance at renewing the relationship and healing. The book explains how unforgiveness can spin you into a traumatic cycle of hatred and bitterness and how to break the cycle, even in the most difficult of situations. McCullough, Sandage, and Worthington’s To Forgive is Human: How to Put Your Past in the Past was published in 1997 (InterVarsity Press [Downers
The concept of construal helps us understand what motivates human behaviors, and it shows us the variation in comprehension of the social world. It also brings to light the importance of situational influence and subjective properties, which, in turn, helps us understand the fundamental attribution error, or the tendency to explain behaviors in terms of personality traits instead of situational.
Although blame appears to be an effective coping mechanism to provide reasons for uncontrollable circumstances,
It is important for us humans to know that we must take full responsibility for our actions and maturely deal with any consequences that those actions may lead to. According to Ryon and Gleason (2013), “the first conceptualization of control was developed in 1966 by Rotter,” which is currently referred to as locus of control. Rotter defined locus of control as “the degree to which an individual expects that a contingent relationship exists between one’s behaviors and outcomes” (Ryon & Gleason, 2013). Fournier and Jeanrie reference Rotter’s study by explaining the two types of locus of control: “external control” and “internal control” (as cited in Rotter, 1966, p. 1). The purpose of Rotter’s theory was to examine “what causes reinforcement” whether it be an intrinsic or extrinsic factor (Kormanik & Rocco, 2009). Rotter measured “people’s general control expectancies” by using what is known as the “Internal-External Locus of Control Scale” (Fournier & Jeanrie, 2003).
The Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) is a concept within social psychology that assumes when someone is aggressive, it is due to a flaw in their personality as opposed to a reaction to their personal circumstances (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2015). However, there is typically a situational reason for the other person’s behavior that is not taken into account through the FAE (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2015). I have been guilty of making the FAE myself; for example, I can think of two situations where my frustration led me to believe that there were flaws in my antagonists’ characters. Recently, my mother wanted me to assist my brother in scheduling classes for the semester. Since I was annoyed that my mother was insisting that I assist him when
1. The identity theory (reductive materialism) states that mental states are brain states. Basically each mental state/process is the same as the physical state or process(es) within the brain. What they say about the mind is that the mind is just the brain and mental states are brain states.
The identity theory of mind holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain thus particular psychological states are identical with particular type of physical state. Many objections have been lay out by philosophers who have evaluated this theory one objection that is particularly strong is the Martian and octopus criticism which state that if identity theory is true, than these species should not feel pain, but if they do feel pain than identity theory is not true.
Attribution theory correlates with how people exemplify events and how it affects their behavior and thinking. People making casual explanations is known as attribution theory. It was established over time from different social psychologists, especially Fritz Heider who played a major role in producing the theory in 1958. Heider wrote about attribution theory in his book called The Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships. External attribution is when behavior is altered by influences outside of your control. Internal attribution is caused from an inside factor that falls within your control. Your behavior is not influenced and you feel responsible.
According to self-serving attribution theory states that people typically take credit for successes by making internal attributions. In contrast, they blame situations (external attribution) for failures (Aronson, et al., 2016). If Tina were to win against Phil she would most likely make an internal attribution. She would associate her winning with her skill as a bowler.
In conclusion, humans use attribution to explain causal relationships in the world and to explain these relationships situational or dispositional factors are used. The two errors in attribution that are most commonly made are the fundamental attribution which involves overestimating the role of dispositional factors and underestimating the role situational factors and self- serving bias which is when people take credit for their successes by attributing them to dispositional factors, and dissociate themselves from their failures by associating them situational factors.
How the Attribution Theory in an attempt to assign meaning/understanding to events on the basis of eith...
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination depends largely on three factors: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Our perceptions of people differ from our perceptions of inanimate objects.
Attribution theory try to explain why people do what they do and what determine the cause