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Review of attribution theory
Attribution theory and its application
Attribution theory and its application
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Alexandra Kaye 5/3/14 LAQ 2 IB Psychology SL Q: Discuss two errors in attribution. Within the social-cultural level of analysis researchers study the social context in which behavior occurs. Humans have the natural need to understand why things happen. In order to explain why things happen humans use attribution. Attribution is defined as how people interpret and explain causal relationships in the social world. The origin of the attribution theory is traced back to the writings of Fritz Heider. When people attribute things they attribute them to either situational or dispositional factors. A situational factor is something to do with external factors, where dispositional factors have something to do with personal (internal factors). Two theories that aim to explain errors in attribution are the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias. The first theory is the fundamental attribution error. This theory argues that people tend over estimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate the situational factors. Psychologists argue that this is such a common error because humans tend to think of themselves as flexible, and ever changing. People do not like to think of themselves as a “type” of person. When a person does not have enough information to make a balanced decision they attribute behavior to disposition. In Western culture placing the blame on the individual is a common practice. An important study to investigate fundamental attribution is Lee et al. (1977). The aim of his experiment was to see if students would make the fundamental attribution error even when they knew that all the actors were just playing a role. In the study, Lee assigned students a role. They were assigned as either a game s... ... middle of paper ... ...ures in terms of lack of ability. What Kashima and Triandis found is known as the modesty bias. The strength of this study is that it was cross-cultural, but at the same time the study also lacks ecological validity because the situation the students were put in would not occur in everyday life. In conclusion, humans use attribution to explain causal relationships in the world and to explain these relationships situational or dispositional factors are used. The two errors in attribution that are most commonly made are the fundamental attribution which involves overestimating the role of dispositional factors and underestimating the role situational factors and self- serving bias which is when people take credit for their successes by attributing them to dispositional factors, and dissociate themselves from their failures by associating them situational factors.
Why is it that we as human beings feel the need to blame someone for every negative situation, which occurs? If we really look at the situation with any great depth, we may discover that an almost endless amount of things may be 'blamed' for the tragedy blaming an individual is pointless - only fate can really be blamed.
The self-serving bias is the tendency for an athlete to accommodate to factors that paint the athlete in a favorable light. In the athletic realm, individuals portray the self-serving bias to foster future, effective performance in a sport. Whereas an athlete will attribute positive events to the doing of themselves, an athlete will attribute negative events to the doing of others. Although an individual may be inaccurate when imputing a factor, the self-serving bias is a method by which an individual safeguards esteem. It is this protection of esteem that is paralleled in the attribution theory. For instance, an athlete uses the self-serving bias to attribute success as a byproduct of the team. On the other hand, the athlete uses the self-serving
There are some human phenomena, which seem to be the result of individual actions and personal decisions. Yet, these phenomena are often - on closer inspection – as much a result of social factors as of psychological ones.
Attribution theory explains people motives by giving an option of disposition or situation, of which we decipher the motive to a behavior. The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to link behaviors with personal characteristics, therefore if someone is murdered a suspect could be someone who really hates them because it gives them a motive. We can characterize a dispositional situation from a situational and come to a conclusion on why someone had a such behavior, and it helps to find a motive based on that. We can infer a motive from a behavior from things like external and internal attributions, so internal traits and responses to things.
While people deal with everyday life, a plethora of events is occurring throughout the day. Most people usually do a multitude of actions to resolve these events without thinking as well. This can be anything from trying to get to class as soon as possible, talking to someone that recently was introduced, or doing a kind of tradition at a football game. Cognitive Biases is defined as a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, whereby inferences about other people and situations may be drawn in an illogical fashion. This article will talk about a small sample of these situations and clarify what the meaning behind them. It shall discuss Negativity Bias, Confirmation Bias, Gamblers Fallacy, and Illusion of Control
A person’s ethics can be seen in their everyday life. Ethics are the morals someone lives their life by. Merriam-Webster defines ethic as “rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad.” The ethics that someone shows helps describe their personal character and refer to the way that person acts in personal and socials relationships.
Is it educators who should be blamed for the huge number of students paying for everything from one page responses to their professors to complete thesis dissertations. Is it the lazy or incapable students fault? Aren’t the “Papermill” companies that supply the resources that actually complete the work the ones to blame? I think it's fairly obvious that this kind of business is unethical. . I would never think about paying someone to write a paper for me, because then I would be cheating myself out of my own education. While we are pointing fingers, maybe the blame should be on the parents of the students for not teaching them any morals and letting them think that cheating is acceptable.
The Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) is a concept within social psychology that assumes when someone is aggressive, it is due to a flaw in their personality as opposed to a reaction to their personal circumstances (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2015). However, there is typically a situational reason for the other person’s behavior that is not taken into account through the FAE (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2015). I have been guilty of making the FAE myself; for example, I can think of two situations where my frustration led me to believe that there were flaws in my antagonists’ characters. Recently, my mother wanted me to assist my brother in scheduling classes for the semester. Since I was annoyed that my mother was insisting that I assist him when
How the Attribution Theory in an attempt to assign meaning/understanding to events on the basis of eith...
In the article, “Passing the Buck: Blaming Others is Contagious”, author, Jeanna Bryner does a beautiful job in exposing what seems to be a norm in today’s society, the finger-pointing game. Through a series of experiments conducted by Nathanael Fast and Larissa Tiedens of Stanford University, scientists now believe that the blame game is socially contagious; that bad behavior can spread just as well as good behavior. Mr. Fast believes that influential people could counteract finger-pointing by developing trustworthy behavior, leading to an enhanced work performance and more creative thinking.
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination depends largely on three factors: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Our perceptions of people differ from our perceptions of inanimate objects.
The better educated you are, the better off you are socially, and economically. Having a degree is, in general, a good indicator of your level of education. To get it some students study very hard. Others, on the contrary, prefer to take some shortcuts that seem to be easier for them. Those, not so much interested in acquiring a solid education, simply want to plagiarize to pass their classes, to get that degree. Plagiarism spreads out through any level of our education system. It even extends beyond that limit to reach almost any aspect of our society. With the internet revolution, this problem becomes more acute. “The web has provided global access to an unfathomable cornucopia of term papers, essays, and other scholarly works, right there out in the open for purchase or outright theft” (Simonson, Smaldino, & Zvacek, 2015, p. 160). This paper will discuss the different types of plagiarism. Before getting deeper into that discussion, we will start by explaining the word plagiarism.
Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "purloining and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work. The idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and unclear rules. The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement.
Plagiarism is the copying of another individual’s writings and ideas. Plagiarism is an idea that has been constructed by society. It revolves around society’s ideas of intellectual and private property. It is considered to be a form of cheating. Often times in elementary schools and high schools, plagiarism is discussed as bad but is not actually prevented. Teachers often do not detect plagiarism and even when they do, sometimes it is ignored. The student is then rewarded with a good grade, ingraining within the student that it is acceptable to plagiarize. Plagiarism affects the ways an individual develops as a person and as a writer.
Plagiarism is taking someone else’s work and turning it in as if it was your own. This could be taking information from an online article, a TV show, a song, a book, or even something as simple as taking credit for someone’s idea. You must cite your sources internally to avoid plagiarizing a paper (lib). Moreover, ethics are rules of behavior set forth by what we think is right and wrong (Webster). Ethics are usually formed during childhood when a kid is learning to determine the difference between right and wrong. However, everyone comes from a different background, so often the moral “rights and wrongs” people have cause heated arguments. Having said this, ethics are not laws. Often an action is legal but unethical, or illegal but ethical (niehs).