The Maori language of New Zealand is considered to be special language within Malayo-Polynesian language group. Malayo-Polynesian family of languages is actually divided into four categories or sub-families – Polynesian, Melanesian, Micronesian and Indonesian. The Maori Language belongs to eastern Polynesian languages sub-family and is relatively close to its neighboring languages. Spectacular and worrisome part at the same time is that there are less than 10,000 fluent Maori speakers left.
The Polynesian group can be divided into east and west Polynesian subgroups (McLintok, 2009). Maori speech is a dialect of the language spoken throughout Polynesia and hence conveniently called the Polynesian language (McLintok, 2009). The Maori language is core component of Maori culture body and is the component of this culture that has very strong expressional value.
Country of New Zealand is on the most southern point regarding family of Malayo-Polynesian languages. Ten centuries ago, many voyages or carefully planned migration with use of traditional methods of navigation, people of the Polynesian, masters of Polynesian language migrated through the oceans to Hawaii. To be more accurate, final destination of Maori ancestors was eastern Archipelagoes of French Oceania and more importantly New Zealand, where it remains their home to this day.
Actual origin of language remains unclear, even after many comparisons and researches have been conducted. However, evidence obtained by linguistics suggests with relative confidence that spread of the Polynesian language was directed from Asia, not America. Various dialects in New Zealand also indicate that very early travelers arrived from central Polynesia. To conclude and provide answer where ex...
... middle of paper ...
... political or judicial process from which the Tribunal appears keen to distance itself.
The Tribunal appeared be trying to allay fears that its conception of a general right might lead immediately to unlimited public expenditure or indeed a politically problematic privileging of the Māori language in the public sphere: The creation of absolute rights to use the language is however a political or judicial response to the issue (Mamari, 2011). We could go further and promote for example, the Canadian model, which requires full bilingualism in all official documents. Official recognition is one thing but popular recognition will depend upon successful establishment of a body to promote the language for both Maori people and New Zealanders as a whole, to watch over progress and suggest strategies that overcome the difficulties that are bound to arise (Mamari, 2011).
A small company of thirty-four New England missionaries came to Hawaii between 1820 and 1930, were the first modern immigrants. (Lind p.59) Missionaries were powerful agents of cultural destruction, coming to Hawaii to settle and teach their ways and beliefs. Bloodthirsty priests and despotic chiefs had ruled one reason for missionaries arriving and settling in Hawaii, due to the fact that they believed ancient Hawaiians. (Trask p.14) Bringing along cultural havoc by establishing a western style educational system, which included the first textbook as the Bible. The most critical change was in the use of language as a tool of colonization. Language had once been inseparable from the Hawaiians and their history by communicating their heritage between and among many generations, now came to be used as the very vehicle of alienation from their habits of life.
The Hawaiian culture is known throughout the western world for their extravagant luaus, beautiful islands, and a language that comes nowhere near being pronounceable to anyone but a Hawaiian. Whenever someone wants to “get away” their first thought is to sit on the beach in Hawai’i with a Mai tai in their hand and watch the sun go down. Haunani-Kay Trask is a native Hawaiian educated on the mainland because it was believed to provide a better education. She questioned the stories of her heritage she heard as a child when she began learning of her ancestors in books at school. Confused by which story was correct, she returned to Hawai’i and discovered that the books of the mainland schools had been all wrong and her heritage was correctly told through the language and teachings of her own people. With her use of pathos and connotative language, Trask does a fine job of defending her argument that the western world destroyed her vibrant Hawaiian culture.
Bollig, L. (1927). The Inhabitants of The Truk Islands: Religion, Live and a Short Grammar of A Micronesian People. Munster i W.: Aschendorff.
It is usually known that once one is born and raised in Hawaii, they tend to regularly speak Hawaii’s native tongue in their daily life. As a result, Hawaii Pidgin, also known as Hawaii’s broken English, is greatly used and can be identified as a local marker to relate Hawaii locals back to their natural Hawaiian background. Thus, this paper provides a brief overview of Hawaii Pidgin, its history and development within the Hawaiian Islands. With their visit, a mass immigration and a century-long influx of people from all over the world occurred and from there the linguistic landscape of Hawaii was greatly impacted (Reinecke, 1938). During that year, the islands became a center for trade and then increased even more with the arrival of missionaries.
The start ancient Hawaiian culture began with the tribal Polynesians which evolved on the islands of Hawaii. The Polynesians had a hierarchy called a Polynesian caste system, social classes that the Polynesians were born into and weren’t allowed to move into other classes based on religious kapu. Each class had responsibilities that
Not many people know of the language and race of the Hmong people. The language of Hmong is spoken mainly in the southern Asia and the United States by the Hmong people (Hmong Daw). Hmong is considered to be part of the Hmong-Mien language family, and is spoken by four million people (McGuigan). It is considered to be closely related to the Mien language, but is a minority language in Southeast Asia (Hmong). In this essay, you will learn the history, dialects, orthology, and typology of the Hmong language.
The Polynesian peoples have a lifestyle quite different than that of any other culture, as living on an island requires a level of flexible adaptability in order to cope with such a different, sometimes difficult environment. We see the way diverse cultures build their lives around their circumstances and how they respect them in their cultural myths and stories. The Polynesian legends emphasize the physical environment that they live in. They are quite different than any other region in the world, but the beauty and individuality of the Polynesian culture is prominent as seen in their mythology.
The Korowai people speak the Papuan language belonging to the Awyu-Ndumut family. The Papuan language comes from the Awyu-Ndumut languages which are spoken in the Digul River Basin of Papua, Indonesia, in central and south New Guinea. The Awyu-Ndumut languages are divided into six languages, one of the six languages spoken is the Papua Language. Approximately 35,000 individuals of the Lowland area speak the Awyu-Ndumut languages. Only about hundreds to thousands of individuals speak the Papua language. The Papua language is rapidly on the verge of extinction by the influence of other languages.
Butcher, M. (August 2003). “Who is Maori? Who is Pakeha?” In North &South Magazine. New Zealand.
In the United States, an emphasize in learning the dominant language, English for example, can inevitably put other languages within the country in extinction. In reality, there are many other spoken languages in the United Sates, like those spoken by Native Americans, that are becoming endangered because of the immensity of more used languages. One may ask, what is an endangered language? According to Michael Cahill (Bonvillain), who has studied and researched many different endangered languages around the world, a language is endangered when "it is in fairly eminent danger of dying out." Cahill states two ways to quickly identify when a language is on its way to becoming endangered. One is when the "children in the community do not speak the native language of their parents, and the other is when there are only a small number of people left in the ethnolinguistic community" that know how to speak the language (Bonvillain). In specific, the Cherokee language fits into the category of an endangered language in the United Sates because less and less speakers speak it and because it is taught less often to younger generations as well. Although Cherokee, a language containing its own rules in grammar, morphemes, syntax, and phonetics, was once a language spoken in vast areas around the United States by native peoples, the language struggles to survive albeit historical foreign attack and current domination of other languages such as English.
As an instance, in the field of paleolinguistics, Colin Renfrew, in re-examining Proto-Indo-European language and making a case for the spread of Indo-European languages through neolithic Europe in connection with the spread of farming,[11] outlined three basic, primary processes through which a language comes to be spoken in a specific area: initial colonization, replacement and continuous development. From some obvious reasoning he proceeded to some radically new conclusions.
The Bay of islands is one of the most beautiful parts of New Zealand and has 144 islands. It can also claim to be the birth place of New Zealand. The Bay Island with its warm climate and water based activities is a popular destination for New Zealand holiday makers and international tourist. The bay has many interesting historic towns including Pahia, Russell, Waitangi and Kari Keri. There is a broad range of accommodation in the bay of island, as well as attractions and activities, place to eat, and entrainment of all age.
Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2009). Communication between cultures. Auckland: Cengage Learning.
To conclude, Te reo Maori is one of the treasures given to Maori people as one of their taonga from their God as part of their identity. It is important for the Maori people to keep their language survives for the mokopuna as well as connecting them to the land, values and beliefs. The principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi were partnership, participation and protection that the Crown failed to act upon which result in Waitangi Tribunal. Te Whariki and New Zealand curriculum promotes and implement bicultural to revitalised Te reo Maori as well as strengthening the partnership between Maori and Pakeha of the Te Tiriti of Waitangi.
The Treaty of Waitangi is a very important document to New Zealand. It is an agreement that was drawn up by representatives of the British Crown and Maori Hapu and Iwi. It was first signed at the Bay of Islands on February 6th, 1840. There has been a lot of debate over the years about the translation of words between the English and Te Reo Maori versions of the text and the differences in the word meaning over the who languages. In this assignment I am going to cover the rights and responsibilities that the treaty contains and an explanation of the differences in wordings and I am also going to contextualise my understanding of the differences of wording against the Maori Worldview and the Declaration of Independence.