Lab Report 1: Steam Distillation
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to isolate eugenol or clove oil from cloves using steam distillation and determine whether it is an efficient way to carry out this experiment. Also, TLC and 1H NMR were preformed to analyze the purity of the isolated eugenol.
Theory: Steam distillation uses boiling point to separate organic liquid and water. The organic compound must be immiscible with water, have a high vapor pressure at 100˚C, and may decompose before boiling point is reached. Steam distillation increases the vapor pressure of water more than the vapor pressure of the organic compound as temperature rises to reach the boiling point of the mixture which is a little less than 100 ˚C (boiling point of water) but a lot less than 254 ˚C (boiling point of eugenol). Since the liquids are immiscible, the total vapor pressure only depends on the vapor pressure of each component added together and not the mole fraction leading to a higher vapor pressure which corresponds to the lower boiling point.
Extraction separates compounds based on their solubility. A separatory funnel allows two distinct layers (aqueous and organic) to form when two immiscible liquids are separated with the more dense liquid on bottom. In this lab, dichloromethane (organic) has a density of 1.33g/mL while water (aqueous) has the density of 1.00g/mL, so dichloromethane will be on the bottom and since “like dissolves like” and eugenol does not dissolve in water but dissolves in dichloromethane, eugenol will be found in the dichloromethane layer.
TLC allows identification of compounds based on polarity. Nonpolar compounds move higher up on the TLC plate than polar compounds because polar compounds are more attracted t...
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..., and is immiscible with water. Since there was not clear distinct two layers after steam distillation, extraction was used to separate the eugenol from water thus, steam distillation is not an effective way to isolate eugenol by itself. In order to determine how pure the isolated eugenol was, TLC was performed and compared to the standard and 1H NMR of the isolated eugenol and standard were compared to conclude that the extracted compound was eugenol with some impurities.
Appendix:
Mass of Eugenol:
Mass of Vial + Eugenol- Mass of Vial= 16.498g-16.429g=0.069g Theoretical Mass of Eugenol:
Mass of Eugenol/ Total Mass of Cloves x 100= Mass % x/4.976 x 100=17% x/4.976=0.17 x=4.976x0.17=0.85g
Percent Recovery:
Actual Mass/Theoretical Mass X100= 0.069g/0.85g x100= 8.12% Rf Value
Rf= Origin to Center of Spot/ Origin to Solvent Front Line= 1.5cm/5.3cm=0.28
3.4 cm/5.3cm=0.64
Introduction In this experiment, steam distillation was used to isolate eugenol oil from cloves. The goal of this experiment was to test and analyze the purity level of the eugenol oil that was isolated by applying a TLC test as well as H-NMR spectra. At the end of this experiment, eugenol oil was isolated, but some errors that occurred during the experiment resulted in impurities in the final isolated oil.
Once the mixture had been completely dissolved, the solution was transferred to a separatory funnel. The solution was then extracted twice using 5.0 mL of 1 M
Esters are defined as molecules consisting of a carbonyl group which is adjacent to an ether linkage. They are polar molecules which are less polar than alcohols but more so than ethers, due to their degree of hydrogen bonding ability. Most often derived from reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid, esters are a unique, ubiquitous class of compounds with many useful applications in both natural and industrial processes 1. For example, within mammals, esters are used in triglycerides and other lipids as they are the main functional group attacking fatty acids to the glycerol chain 2. A unique property of esters is their tendency to give off distinct aromas such as the scent of apples (Ethyl caprylate) and bananas (Isoamyl acetate). This is of a unique importance especially in industries that utilize flavors and aromas such as the tobacco, candy and alcohol industry. Consistent research is conducted in order to enhance and increase the effectiveness of esters in these products 3.
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Starting this experiment, we knew that the extraction was going to form varies layers due to the density differences. When placing three different substances, we saw that two layers formed because the Clove Oil is soluble in MTBE, but not in water. In order, to get the organic layer we used separatory funnel to take out the excess substances and leave the oil layer. Then we transferred to a beaker and dried with Magnesium Sulfate. Lastly, we filtered the liquid using funnel; we placed the liquid to boil, let it cool to room temperature. The purpose of drying and evaporation is to help us with the Gas Chromatography analysis of the product.
Distillation uses the characteristic boiling points of pure liquids to separate these substances from a mixture. Once a pure liquid reaches its boiling point, it maintains this temperature as
Table1: Rf values for tlc with 70:30 hexane ethyl acetate sample Rf value a b Benzaldehyde 0.85 34 40 Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenoate 0.83 33.2 40 B P Figure1: TLC plate of benzaldehyde and methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenoate Key: B= Benzaldehyde P= Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenoate
First of all, the purpose of this lab was to determine the water’s vapor pressure at different temperatures as well as to measure the molar heat of vaporization of water using the Clausias Clapeyron equation. The first concept out of many represented in this lab is the ideal gas law. The ideal gas law is used to get the number of moles of air trapped in the 10 mL graduated cylinder. Once we cooled the system so that water vapor is extremely minute, and then we determined the number of moles of air using the ideal gas law. The number of moles of air equals to the pressure (in atm) times volume divided by constant times temperature. One would assume that when the water is heated to 80 degrees, the number of air molecules in the air bubble would decrease, but it actually stays constant. This is due to the fact that there is no air coming in or out of the cylinder. As the temperature gets closer to 80 degrees, the number of air molecules stays the same but the water vapor increases. And the bubble expands to keep the pressure at the same level. The ideal gas law was also used when the partial pressure of air in the gas mixture is calculated. This is gotten from number of moles multiplied by the constant and the constant and the whole thing divided by the volume.
After successfully isolating the eugenol and acetyleugenol, all that was left was to weigh each product. Once the lab was completed and the masses of the products were weighed, a 1.8% recovery of acetyleugenol as well as a 4.59% recovery of eugenol were obtained. These values may seem low, but in reality they may not be. This is because the amount of eugenol and acetyleugenol initially contained in the 25 grams of cloves is unknown. However, it is possible there were sources of error that occurred during the lab. A mechanical source of error would be spilling small amounts of solution while transferring it to different containers (beakers/flasks). Other sources of error could include incomplete reaction. This may be due to a lack of mixing
This report will outline the steps taken to design a packed distillation column. The column needs to separate a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and isopropanol into a distillate stream containing no more than 3 wt% isopropanol and a bottoms stream containing no more than 3 wt% ethanol. The design of the full-scale column was based on a laboratory simulation column. This column allowed the team to determine vapor velocities and HETP values for the 0.24 inch Pro-Pakq packing.
Introduction The purpose of this lab was to observe physical properties determined by intermolecular attractive forces, such as boiling point, melting point, and solubility. During this lab the soulbility of solids were observed. While testing boiling and melting point, the solid changed to a liquid.. By using different solids, it took different times in order for the chemical to break down, due to different molecular structures.
Packed distillation column is where miscible liquids are separate accordicaly to physical, specifically or volatilities of the compounds. Liquids can categories as volatile when it vaporized in low temperature. The more boiling of volatile compounds of mixture through the distillation process if the vapor is cooler the volatile material condenses in a proper proportion than less volatile compounds. Packed distillation column gives a situation where the gas and liquid phases of each material can approach the equilibrium level. A column can have packing or trays, in this columns increase in surface areas can
Eugenol was extracted from cloves through the process called steam distillation. A total of 50ml of distillate were collected with temperature monitoring for every 5.0ml of collected liquid. The distillation curve showed that the temperature of volatilization of eugenol is from 98°C to 99°C which is way below its boiling point at 2540C. Chemically active extraction was conducted in order to remove impurities particularly eugenol acetate and caryophyllene. This involves the addition of several solvents particularly hexane, NaOH, HCl, then hexane again in succession.
Fractional distillation is the separation of a liquid mixture into its different fractions; fractions are the different parts of a mixture. In this case we went through and boiled our mixture to find the plateau of the substances in the mixture. A plateau is a state of little to no change after a time of progress. We also used filtration by evaporation which is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid. Throughout this investigation we watched for the characteristic properties and to check the solubility we used solute and solvent.
the separation of large solids and fluids, by means of a filter (Lenntech, n.d.). The