The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed. The experiment was conducted in three parts: Part A of the experiment consisted of extracting caffeine from an aqueous solution; Part B consisted of using three different compounds: benzoic acid, succinic acid, and sodium benzoate; and the last part of the experiment consisted of using a solid neutral compound with an acid or base impurity. …show more content…
This was done by adding caffeine to water. The caffeine dissolved immediately in water as water is a polar compound. The polarity is due to the dipole interaction formed due to the electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen, where oxygen is more electronegative and thus has a positive charge. Caffeine is polar due to many oxygen-carbon and nitrogen-carbon polar bonds. Since, both compounds are polar, caffeine easily dissolves in water. The organic layer was evaporated later in the experiment leaving the solid caffeine behind. The experiment started out with 0.170 grams of caffeine. However the calculations indicated that 0.07098 g of caffeine should be extracted. Experimentally, 0.060 g of caffeine was left as the end product. The reasons for the experimental value being lower than the calculated value could be due to the inefficient mixing of the aqueous layer and the methylene chloride layer in the separatory funnel. This could have resulted in lesser quantities of methylene chloride with caffeine causing the experimental value to be …show more content…
The distribution coefficient of Benzoic acid was 10.1, the distribution quotient of Succinic acid was 1.22, and the distribution quotient of Sodium benzoate was 0.818. When a distribution coefficient was calculated, it considered the mass of the organic layer/mass of the water layer. So, if there was less substance present in the mass of the organic layer, and more in the water layer, it meant the substance in question was more polar (water is highly polar and the organic layer is less polar) and would thus have a lower distribution coefficient. As such, usually the more polar a compound, the lower its distribution quotient, and the less polar a compound, the higher its distribution quotient. Therefore, it can be said with some certainty that Sodium Benzoate is the most polar followed by Succinic Acid, and finally Benzoic
Once the mixture had been completely dissolved, the solution was transferred to a separatory funnel. The solution was then extracted twice using 5.0 mL of 1 M
Planaria are commonly known as flatworms. These flatworms have sensory organs which allow them to detect light using eyespots (Planaria,2017). The eyespots contain receptors that are highly sensitive to light stimuli causing planaria to prefer darkness. Planaria do not have lungs nor gills. Oxygen enters their bodies through membrane diffusion. Although planaria are just worms, their body react very similar to that of humans when injected with certain drugs or stimulants. One overused and highly popular stimulant is caffeine. Caffeine is known to increase individual’s energy and physical activity which makes them more alert of the surroundings. This observation leads to the question of how different concentrations of caffeine would affect planaria’s
Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant, is the main psychoactive ingredient in energy drinks, which enhances alertness and mood, and counteracts symptoms of sleep. There is no doubt ...
Caffeine occurs naturally in some plants such as coffee beans and tea leaves. Caffeine is also added to other beverages.
Caffeine is a plant product, and it is a stimulant that acts on the central nervous system. It is commonly found in coffee, soft drinks, and chocolate. (University of Michigan - University Health Service, https://www.uhs.umich.edu/caffeine)
For many years, the mechanism of caffeine was not yet clear. However, it was thought that the mechanism involves the re...
The presence of caffeine has become popular for increasing your alertness even though it has uncertain effects on cognition, coordination, and motor abilities. Caffeine is used as a stimulate to maximize performance on a daily basis for most people even those who do not have a morning drink to kick start to their day. People usually associate caffeine with their morning coffee or tea; however, “It can be found in a large portion of what we eat and drink and is consumed daily by an estimated 80% of children and adults in the United States (Barone & Roberts, 1996)”. The study by Childs and de Wit from the University of Chicago suggests that there might be a correlation in the variety of caffeine pills that have been given to some participants in past experiments (Childs & de Wit, 2008). In those studies the participants were given a caffeine pill that also has other herbal supplements which resulted in adding confounding properties to the study. The experiments where participants were given a true caffeine pill with 100% caffeine and no addit...
Several people rely on caffeine to wake them up or give them a boost of energy when they feel down. Acting as a stimulant, caffeine not only improves concentration and focus, but also stops fatigue (Staff 1). Considered the most commonly used psychoactive drug in the world, approximately 90 percent of adults consume it daily (“MedicineNet.com” 1). But do caffeine buyers really stop to evaluate the possinle harmful effects on their body? Health scares similar to this are not recent. In fact, they have been going on for over 100 years. In 1911, the US Government sued the Coca-Cola company for making their drinks hazardous to other’s health (Lovett 2). Although the Coca-Cola company won, it proves that people worry about what they put into their bodies, even if it does help them stay up to finish their homework. Not everybody will experience the same effects from caffeine. Some people seem more sensitive to caffeine than others (Staff 1). While some will express unwanted effects after only one cup of coffee or tea, others will not notice these same effects until after maybe four or five cups. Although caffeine does include benefits, many downfalls exemplify the stimulant as well. Drinking even small amounts of caffeine daily develops harmful effects on most people’s body and health.
Caffeine and coffee are a daily part of life for most people in modern society. The discovery of the coffee bean is said to have been in Ethiopia, when a sleepy eyed goat herder noticed his goats eating red berries, he then noticed the effect it had on them as they jumped and danced around him. He then tasted the berries and his eyes opened wide, he took them to the local village who also liked it and in particular the monks who used the berries to keep them awake during meditation.
Caffeine, commonly found in coffee and many other beverages, and containing certain chemicals compounds leading to the constant necessity of fidgeting, jitters, sleepless hours, and health hazards as though being tormented by a hobgoblin with the irresistible sweet aroma and multiple flavors trapping you into a path, not being able to truly quit as desired or consequences attached, but is it the world’s most used legal drug addiction or something enjoyable, you decide? “The delicious chemical in caffeine is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine”(Linn). “Caffeine is made by pressuring cooking beans with CO2 to produce the drug in powder form”(Linn). “In caffeine the consumption breakdown in Coffee is 54%, Tea it’s 43%, Food and misc it’s 3% and used as a common mood-altering drug in the world, most popular way of ingesting is through coffee”(Linn). The issue with drinking coffee is due to the fact that caffeine can cause some troubling effects like insomnia activity in the brain that prevents sleep, constant need to urinate leading to dehydration due to the lack of fluids in the body, and diarrhea causing the food right out because it accelerates the digestion in the stomach. The consumption of too much caffeine can cause damage in human health also causing an overdose leading to death. The impact in society is through how much caffeine Americans consume daily, and the effects it causes in human health and sleep patterns. Throughout the years past caffeine consumption in America has increased jarasicaly, about 90% in some form daily. “On average Americans have been known to consume 280 mg of caffeine per day or 2-3 cups of coffee”(Linn). Strangely enough, caffeine is still contained and found in decaffei...
...e that negated some or all of the impact of the caffeine. 5) Test method variation (for blood or urinary tests) was not a factor. No data was given indicating the reproducibility of the test methods used.
Caffeine has a specific chemical structure that enables it to be absorbed easily into the stomach and intestines. It is derived from purines, and is hydrophobic, which allows easy passage through cell membranes. (MOST POPULAR) For this reason, the oral route for administration is more rapid than the intramuscular route (PUB CHEM). After caffeine passes through the stomach, it goes to the liver where it is metabolized. The liver breaks down caffeine into theobromine, theophylline, and paraxanthine, which are known as metabolites. (MOST POPULAR) After ingestion, there are high levels of paraxanthine in the blood. As blood flows through the liver again, paraxanthine is broken down into 1-methylxanthine. (MOST POPULAR) This process is crucial for caffeine excretion. Due to caffeine’s permeability, it can easily pass from one side of the cell membrane to the other. This property makes it very difficult for the kidneys to excrete caffeine. By converting paraxanthine into 1-methylxanthine, the 1-methylxanthine cannot pass from the kidney membrane to the blood stream again. Without this process, caffeine would stay in the body for days at a time. (MOST POPULAR)
Most people aren’t aware that caffeine can act as a stimulant to the central nervous system. So once someone consumes a caffeinated beverage they may begin to notice a slight change in the way their body begins to feel. Caffeine can be found in many different places such as energy drinks, coffee, candy and also in other common beverages and over the counter medications. Caffeine can have major side effects on those who consume it on a regular routine, but caffeine can also have side effects on those who rarely even consume caffeine . “These side effects include sleep deprivation, nausea, cramping, anxiety, fatigue, and headaches (Braun 73).” Not only does drinking a couple of caffeinated beverages come with its list of side effects, caffeine consumption has also been proven to show drastic changes in the kidneys. “Also, caffeine has been known to weaken the detrusor muscles in the bladder, which provokes the need to urinate (Chambers 42).” So once a person has been consuming caffeine past a certain period of time it begins to become difficult for them to regulate their trips to the bathroom. The list of harm caffeine does on the human body could continue forever, but I will review some of the most relevant categories. Caffeine can have harmful effects on the human body that people are not aware of, therefore I believe that people should be informed what exactly caffeine is and how it affects them directly in terms of where caffeine can be found, the effects it has on the brain and the heart and also the pregnancy effects. Also, people should be provided with a general knowledge of how caffeine can play a part in someone’s life, and some steps to help slow down the consumption of caffeine.
Caffeine is the single most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the United States (Einöther & Giesbrecht, 2013). According to Einöther and Giesbrecht (2013), 80% of the world’s population consumes caffeinated products every day, with coffee and tea being the primary sources. In the recent years, the demand for
Caffeine (also known as Guaranine) is a plant-based alkaloid that operates as an insecticide when found in plants and a stimulant when ingested by humans. It is most commonly found in coco, tea, and coffee plants. The caffeine works as a built-in pesticide in these plants by over-exciting insects to the point of extinction. Medically caffeine is known as trimethylxanthine . It is a white powder with an intense bitter taste that when consumed by humans, it is recognized as a psychoactive drug. These drugs work on the body’s central nervous system to affect brain functions such as consciousness...