Distillation
Abstract
This report outlines the steps taken to separate a 50:50 by volume ethanol and isopropanol side stream. The resulting separation must contain no more than 3% alcohol impurity in each product. A laboratory column, run at total reflux, was utilized to scale up to a forty foot high by one foot diameter column. The laboratory column allowed the team to determine vapor velocities and HETP values for the 0.24 inch Pro-Pakq packing. HETP is defined as the height of packing divided by the number of theoretical column stages. The column consisted of four main sections: packing, controls, a reboiler, and a condenser.
To complete the vapor velocity vs. HETP relationship, the vapor velocity must be found. The vapor velocity was found using a system energy balance. The design vapor velocity was determined to be 4.85 ft/hr. However, this vapor velocity did not result in the column flooding; therefore the scaled-up column is not designed to its full potential. Ideally, distillation columns should be designed at 70-80% of the flooding velocity. The column HETP was found by use of the Fenske equation and was determined to be an average of 4.55 inches.
As a result of the design parameters from the experimental column, the following design is proposed: the column will run at a vapor velocity of 4.85 ft/hr and will have a HETP of 4.30 inches. This will result in a packing height of 38.7 feet. The reboiler will have an area of 113.52 ft2 and the area of the condenser will have a value of 45.54 ft2 in which heat exchange will take place.
Introduction
A chemical plant spends approximately 50 to 90% of capital investment on separation equipment (1,1) Therefore, the ability to utilize a small laboratory column and to scale-up a column is an important skill for a chemical engineer.
This report will outline the steps taken to design a packed distillation column. The column needs to separate a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and isopropanol into a distillate stream containing no more than 3 wt% isopropanol and a bottoms stream containing no more than 3 wt% ethanol. The design of the full-scale column was based on a laboratory simulation column. This column allowed the team to determine vapor velocities and HETP values for the 0.24 inch Pro-Pakq packing.
Once the simulation vapor velocities are determined, they can ...
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.../hr)/*(1/0.0154 kmol/L)*(1/(p(.25)2ft2)*(0.0159 kmol/L)
(p(1)2(ft)) = 6.857567 kmol/hr
MWAVG,D = 46.493 kg/kmol
VD = (6.857567 kmol/hr) * (46.493 kg/kmol)
VD = 318.82886 kg/hr
*Equation of Top Operating Line
y = (L/V)x + (1-(L/V))xD = (RACT / RACT +1)x + (1/ RACT +1)(0.97)
= 0.912779x + 0.084605
*Distillate Rate
R = (V-D)/D = 10.4651
318.82886 (kg/hr) - D = 10.4651D
D = 27.808642 (kg/hr)
R = L/D = 10.4651 * 27.808642 (kg/hr) = L
L = 291.02022 (kg/hr)
*Bottoms Flow Rate
L/V = R (z -xB) + q (xD - xB)
R(z -xB) + q(xD-xB) -(xD-z)
z= Feed mole fraction of ethanol
q= 1 (feed assumes to be liquid)
L/V = 10.4651(0.567-0.03) + 1(0.97-0.03)
10.4651(0.567-0.03) + 1(0.97-0.03) -(0.97-0.567)
L/V = 1.05
L/V = (VB + 1)/ VB = 1.05
VB = 20
B = V/ VB = (318.82886 kg/hr)/20 = 15.941443 (kg/hr)
*Feed Flow Rate
F = D + B = 15.941443 (kg/hr) + 318.82886 (kg/hr) = 334.7703 kg/hr
*Bottom Operating Line
y = (L/V)x - ((L/V)-1) xB = 1.05x - 0.0015
* Condenser Heat Duty
QCOND = V * DHVAP
DHVAP = xETOH * DHVAP,ETOH + xISOP * DHVAP,ISOP
QCOND =
Comment on class result with respect to differences in filter types, differences in filter assemblies, and overall on the confidence you would have in using this type of sterilisation process in preparation of pharmaceutical products. List the factors that may cause contamination during filtration. (20 marks)
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In a practical application, fractional distillation could be used in environmental chemistry in order to
Separations are important techniques in chemistry that are used to separate various components of a mixture. They are carried out by mixing two immiscible liquids containing certain solutes together in a separatory funnel, allowing them to separate, then extracting the distinct layers that form. The ratio of the concentration of solute present in the upper layer to the concentration in the lower layer is called the partition coefficient. The efficiency of a separation is described by this partition coefficient. If the coefficients for the two layers are largely different, then the separation can be carried out in a single step. If they aren’t, a more complex process is necessary.1,2 Countercurrent chromatography is a technique used carry out separations in these kinds of cases. It uses a continuous liquid-liquid partitioning process to streamline the usual extraction procedure.
3. Add on of the following volumes of distilled water to the test tube, as assigned by your teacher: 10.0mL, 15.0mL, 20.0mL, 25.0mL, 30.0mL. (If you use a graduated cylinder, remember to read the volume from the bottom of the water meniscus. You can make more a more accurate volume measurement using either a pipette or a burette.)
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
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