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For sterilization to occur steam must be
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2. Comment on class result with respect to differences in filter types, differences in filter assemblies, and overall on the confidence you would have in using this type of sterilisation process in preparation of pharmaceutical products. List the factors that may cause contamination during filtration. (20 marks) Factors that may contribute to contamination: • Not disinfecting work area • Fibres from filter, clothing etc. • Potential chemical release from filter, syringe etc. • Assembly of Swinnex filter • Incorrectly washing hands • Touching needle or filter end • Not covering agar plate and broth tubes before and after use To avoid contamination as best as possible, if washing hands according to SOP1 is not possible, wearing gloves and spraying with 70% ethanol is also acceptable for the procedure. Furthermore, not touching the ends of the needle and filter are absolutely essential in avoiding contamination thus applying them to the syringe whilst the ends are still in their sterile packaging will aid the prevention of contamination. When not in use placing the syringe on its plunger creates a smaller surface area for the contaminants to attach to as well. Loosening the lids of the broth tubes before placing in the Biohazard cabinet ensures easier removal when required thus less exposure time of the opened end to the environment allowing contaminants in. The Swinnex filter compared to the commercial filter had a higher rate of failure due to the lower number of tests done on it but the total number of contaminated plates and tubes only slightly varied from the commercial filters. This is most likely due to errors occurring in aseptic technique and the fact that Swinnex filters must be assembled in a Swinnex holder each time yo... ... middle of paper ... ...s 8. Why is steam sterilisation used to sterilise the potassium chloride ampoules? (8 marks) Steam sterilisation is the process where “dry saturated steam comes into contact with a cooler surface, that causes water condensation and immediate release of the latent heat” (Rohanizadeh, 2016). This process was carried out in an autoclave and is the preferred method of sterilisation as the ampoules are sealed and made from glass. Being sealed causes a high amount of pressure to build up inside the ampoule, though in an autoclave they will not burst due to the high pressure in the autoclave equalizing and compensating for the high pressure in the ampoule. If a dry heat method of sterilisation was used, e.g. an oven, the ampoules would burst due to evaporation of the solution occurring, and no compensation or equalised pressure availability, like we see in the autoclave.
As a standard precaution against bodily fluids or blood borne pathogens the medical assistant and the doctor would don their personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, face shield, and gown. Next, the medical assistant will prepare the following materials in preparation of the procedure: 1% or 2% lidocaine in a 10cc syringe/25 gauge needle, skin prep solution, #11 scalpel blade with handle, gauze, hemostat, scissors, iodoform, tape, and culture swab. After the materials have been prepped the doctor will clean the abscess with skin prep and drape the wound with sterile fenestrated drape. Anesthetic in the form of lidocaine with a 10cc syringe and 25-gauge needle will be injected around the abscess. The doctor will allow 3-5 minutes for the anesthetic to take affect before making an incision into the abscess. Once the incision is made the doctor will allow pus to ooze and drain out. While the pus is draining out, the culture swab will be inserted in to the abscess where a culture is taken so the origin of the infection is identified incase further treatment is needed. Using the hemostat the doctor will explore the abscess and continue to soak up the pus with the gauze. With a syringe and normal saline the doctor will irrigate
The experiment started by labeling a piece of filter paper with my initials with the following A, B, C, oil, and H2O. I placed two drops of each unknown milk sample, vegetable oil, and H2O next to the labels on my filter paper and allow to air-dry. After these samples were dried, I placed the filter paper in a petri dish containing Sudan IV solution and stained the filter paper for one minute. I then used the forceps to remove the filter paper to the rinsing dish. Then, I rinsed the filter paper with water and collect the runoff in the dish. The last step, I placed the filter paper on the table and allowed it to
STERILIZATION Competent SPD (sterile processing department) technicians must be knowledgeable about all available sterilization methods, regardless of whether those methods are currently being used at their facility. The sterilization equipment, sterilization parameters, and loading and unloading of sterilizers are all critical components of effective sterilization .in addition, sterilization processes must be monitored administratively, biologically, and chemically. It is important that all
There are three risk levels (low, medium and high) associated with sterile compounding. CSPs are assigned a risk level based on the probability of contaminating the preparation during compounding with microbial contaminants e.g. spores or endotoxins and chemical and physical contaminants e.g. skin particles from staff or broken glass. Once a CSP is classified, a licensed healthcare professional overseeing the sterile compounding can then decide upon the most suitable procedure and environmental quality of the facility which are necessary for preparing the CSP. The risk levels apply to the quality of the CSP d...
Yacopetti, N., Davidson, P., Blacka, J., & Spencer, T. (2013). Preventing contamination at the time of central venous catheter insertion: a literature review and recommendations for clinical practice. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 22(5/6), 611-620. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04340.x
Policies and procedures are guidelines that are instituted and followed by organizational staff to perform skills or interventions safely and proficiently. Examined below is the policy and procedure for nursing staff to obtain blood cultures via central catheters. Also mentioned below is the survey of five unit nurses performing this procedure and possible deviations taken from the current Salem Hospital policy. Possible reasons of not following an institution’s policy and procedure guidelines, consequences of not following evidence-based practice, and proper response when discovering unsafe practice are also researched.
Be sure to clean the syringe and measuring cylinder after every use to prevent cross contamination.
Mainstream critics of the study have been relying on their old standby “the samples were contaminated or not handled properly.” This claim is refuted throughout the paper beginning with the forensic washing of the hairs that even world renowned geneticist Dr. Bryan Sykes admits: “You can clean any suggestion of contamination from the surface of the hair without damaging the DNA that lies within. This is something we have only known in the past couple of years.”
...f the clamps on the tubing to allow the IV solution to run freely. Slowly, decrease the flow of the solution to the appropriate rate as ordered by the physician. Using a small gauze pad, wipe away any excess blood or fluid on the surface of the skin. Then, using the pre-torn pieces of tape, secure the catheter hub and the IV tubing to the patient’s skin. Take extra caution not to kink the tubing. Once everything is secured, recheck the IV solution’s flow and then attend to the rest of your patients needs.
...y, and it is important that care is taken to ensure bodily fluids, blood, excretions, etc. are not brought into contact with skin, mucous membranes, clothing, and the treatment area4. Additionally, all reusable equipment should be sterilized before reuse1,4.
are contained in the apparatus subsection, but a basic schematic is shown in Figure 1.1
...s and hoses, control buttons, switches, hand pieces, and X-ray units (Collins). After every patient’s visit, the operatory is to be sterilized and disinfected. All areas that were that were not covered with a barrier, or if the barrier was compromised, must be wiped down with surface disinfectants similarly used in hospitals. OSHA requires disinfectants to be potent enough to fight against HIV and HBV infections (Collins). If there is any blood present on a surface, tuberculocidal type disinfectant should be utilized.
Trickling Filters and Membrane Bioreactors are focused on in this paper. Trickling Filters: Trickling Filter (TF) reactors consist of a vertical column packed with biofilm supporting media.
The bacteria and wastewater is mixed in an aeration tank and therefore the contaminants are removed by action of sorption and series of breakdown by the bacteria.
The history of water purification started off in ancient Greek in the 2000B.C. people at the time used to boil water in order to purify it. There were also filtration and straining methods which helped to reduce visible particles and turbidity in water. However, due to the lack of knowledge in the chemical area, almost no process was taken to remove the harmful chemical contaminants. In fact, the purpose of water purification at that time was purely to make it smell and taste better. They believed if the water taste good to the mouth, it must be safe, clean and healthy. Therefore the Gr...