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Sterilization quizlet
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Title: Sterilization by Saturated Steam
Introduction: The sterilization process is done to completely eliminate all microorganisms that could potentially be a contaminant and lead to occurrences of hazards (Chi, 1993). Sterilization is a process defined by killing all living microorganisms, including bacteria and spores. This process can be done chemically, physically, and by means of physiochemical methods (Soper & Davies, 1990). Chemicals used in these processes to ensure all microorganisms no longer exist are known as sterilizing agents and are called chemisterilants. The result of sterilization often depends on the type of substance being sterilized and the conditions made to suitably sterilize it (Soper & Davies, 1990). The types of sterilization methods differ from the usage of saturated steam under pressure or by using heat, which can be categorized into moist and dry heat. Usage of heat is considered to be the oldest and most reliable method of sterilization. A few other ways of sterilization include ionizing radiation, filtration, and the input of gas.
Moist heat sterilization can be carried out by exposing microorganisms to saturated steam under pressure in an operating machine called the autoclave. Once the microorganisms are sealed in the autoclave, their enzymes and structural components of proteins will start changing, and the changes formed are not reversible (Yesair, 1946). As the temperature in the autoclave increases, the amount of water in the autoclave will decrease. This method of sterilization requires accurate time, temperature, and pressure measurement. Cleanliness and removal of any debris found in the autoclave machine should be removed. When initiating this method, air should be removed from the autoclave to prevent any air pockets from forming. Flash sterilization is a questionable practice that requires proper usage (Gardner, 2002). Step-by-step flash sterilization is a method that can be used to sterilize items that cannot withstand the standard autoclave process (Chobin, 2007). Physical methods of sterilization of microorganisms have been studied, and it has been found that moist heat is the most effective method (Rahn, 1945).
In conclusion, sterilization is a crucial process that ensures the complete elimination of all microorganisms that could potentially be a contaminant and lead to occurrences of hazards. The usage of saturated steam under pressure or by using heat is considered to be the oldest and most reliable method of sterilization. The autoclave is an operating machine that can be used to carry out moist heat sterilization. Accurate time, temperature, and pressure measurement are required for this method to be effective. Flash sterilization is a questionable practice that requires proper usage. Physical methods of sterilization of microorganisms have been studied, and it has been found that moist heat is the most effective method.
The first day an unknown sample was assigned to each group of students. The first test applied was a gram stain to test for gram positive or gram-negative bacteria. The morphology of the two types of bacteria was viewed under the microscope and recorded. Then the sample was put on agar plates using the quadrant streak method for isolation. There were three agar plates; one was incubated at room temperature, the second at 30 degrees Celsius, and the third at 37 degrees Celsius. By placing each plate at a different temperature optimal growth temperature can be predicted for both species of bacteria.
Steam sterilisation is the process where “dry saturated steam comes into contact with a cooler surface, that causes water condensation and immediate release of the latent heat” (Rohanizadeh, 2016). This process was carried out in an autoclave and is the preferred method of sterilisation as the ampoules are sealed and made from glass. Being sealed causes a high amount of pressure to build up inside the ampoule, though in an autoclave they will not burst due to the high pressure in the autoclave equalizing and compensating for the high pressure in the ampoule. If a dry heat method of sterilisation was used, e.g. an oven, the ampoules would burst due to evaporation of the solution occurring, and no compensation or equalised pressure availability, like we see in the autoclave.
STERILIZATION Competent SPD (sterile processing department) technicians must be knowledgeable about all available sterilization methods, regardless of whether those methods are currently being used at their facility. The sterilization equipment, sterilization parameters, and loading and unloading of sterilizers are all critical components of effective sterilization .in addition, sterilization processes must be monitored administratively, biologically, and chemically. It is important that all
... in place in delivery rooms to better sterilize the environment to eliminate viruses and infection which would further risk bleeding for mother or infant and thus lead to increased time in the NICU.
There are three risk levels (low, medium and high) associated with sterile compounding. CSPs are assigned a risk level based on the probability of contaminating the preparation during compounding with microbial contaminants e.g. spores or endotoxins and chemical and physical contaminants e.g. skin particles from staff or broken glass. Once a CSP is classified, a licensed healthcare professional overseeing the sterile compounding can then decide upon the most suitable procedure and environmental quality of the facility which are necessary for preparing the CSP. The risk levels apply to the quality of the CSP d...
Bauman, R. W., & Masuoka, E. (2009). Microbiology: with diseases by body system (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Linton, Alan. 1982. Microbes, Man and Animals: The Natural History of Microbial Interactions. John Wiley & Sons. 342pp
...e HSE [20], especially when using heat eradication in conjunction with another form of Legionella disinfection. Evans [17,18] suggested thermal eradication methods for single coil auxiliary preheating solar thermal tanks as well as dual coil solar thermal tanks with an upper electric coil that were devised to be energy efficient while maximizing the effect on Legionella cultures. Evans [17] also recommended that in cases where water above 60ºC cannot be pumped to the very bottom of storage tanks another systemic disinfection method be used in conjunction with thermal eradication. Greenskies Solar Systems [19] added to Evans’ work, recommending that the hour long thermal eradication be done between the hours of 4 pm and 5 pm. From these reports a clear conclusion can be drawn for minimizing Legionella growth in thermally stratified solar thermal hot water systems.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines hand hygiene as, “a general term that applies to routine hand washing, antiseptic hand wash, antiseptic hand rub, or surgical hand antisepsis.” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013) The idea of hand washing has been around for centuries. In the mid-1800’s Ignaz Semmelweis established that hospital-acquired diseases were transmitted via the hands of health care workers. After Semmelweis observed physicians and health care workers in the obstetric setting and studied mortality rates he recommended that hands be scrubbed in a chlorinated lime solution before coming in contact with every patient. Following the implementation of Semmelweis’s recommendation mortality rates associated with childbirth fell from seven percent to three percent. Although Semmelweis observation and recommendations were significant fellow physicians and colleagues did not adopt them. The 1980’s posed as a crucial time for health care in the sense of hand hygiene. This was when the first national hand hygiene guidelines were published in the 1980s. In 1995 and 1996, the CDC/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) in the USA suggested that either antimicrobial soap or a waterless antiseptic agent be use...
Molinari, J., & Hart, J. (2010). How to Choose and Use Environmental Surface Disinfectants. Cottone's Practical Infection Control in Dentistry (Third Edition ed., pp. 185- 193). Philadelphia: Wolters Kumar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
There is a long history of voluntary and involuntary sterilizations. It may not be known, but the United States is a big offender of forced sterilizations, dating all the way back to the 1900’s. In 1907, the U.S. applied a policy to sterilize “unwilling” and “unwitting” people forcibly (Krase, 1996). In 1924, Virginia adopted a law to reduce the tax burden, because the public facilities for the “insane” and the “feebleminded” had grown (Lombardo). The first person to be picked to be sterilized was a seventeen year old girl named Carrie Buck. Her mother was already being held in an asylum, the Virginia Colony for the Epileptic and the Feebleminded (Lombardo). The people at the Virginia Colony asylum told Carrie that since she shared the same traits as her mother, the feeble-mindedness and sexual promiscuity traits, she would be sterilized so she could not pass on the traits again; at this time Carrie already had one daughter. She was seen as a perfect candidate for Virginia’s new movement. This case went to trial an...
The difference between sterilization and disinfection is sterilization aims to kill while disinfection aims to reduce the number of organisms. According to Differn (n.p.) Sterilization is done by steaming or heating. Disinfection is done by using alcohol, or air disinfection. Sterilization is used in a surgical rooms or on surgical equipment while disinfection is used on surfaces or used directly in the air.
The bacteria and wastewater is mixed in an aeration tank and therefore the contaminants are removed by action of sorption and series of breakdown by the bacteria.
1999, 71, 181-215. Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series -. 1996, 649, 1-9. Richardson, S. Water Analysis: Emerging Containments and Current Issues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2003, 75, 2831-2857.
Where used cleaning cloths, pot scrubs etc. shall be cleaned and sanitised or they shall be disposed of after use in order to ensure that they are not a source of contamination. (Unsure)