acetaminophen. Its molecular formula isC8H9NO2 , has a molecular weight of 151.2 g/mol. The medication of paracetamol can be administered in various ways and they are sold in different formulations. The common dosage comes in tablets form of 500 mg, in dispersible fizzy tablets (500 mg) and oral suspensions. It can also be bought in capsules as a mixture with other API like caffeine and codeine. Paracetamol structure The pure compound melting point should be in the range of 169-172 ℃. During this lab practical Paracetamol- acetaminophen will be synthesis, purified and recrystallized again. The purpose of the experiment was to learn basic recrystallization techniques that include hot and cold filtration Acetaminophen- paracetamol is an …show more content…
amide, a compound that is a derivative of ammonia that has been reacted with an acidicsubstance, in this case, acetic acid. Acetaminophen is commonly used as a fever reducer and pain reliever. It can be found inseveral analgesic preparations, such as Tylenol, some of which may contain other ingredients such as caffeine andbuffers. Its action is similar to that of aspirin but it has not got the anti-inflamatory effects. Acetaminophen has been traditionally synthesised through many steps beginning with nitration phenol. Synthesis Qualitatively, the purity of an acetaminophen sample can be determined from its melting point. Themelting point of a substance is basically independent of atmospheric pressure, but it is always lowered by thepresence of impurities (a colligative property of pure substances). The degree of lowering of the melting pointdepends on the nature and the concentration of the impurities. OBJECTIVE The aim of this Experiment is to determine Paracetamol-Acetaminophen routes of synthesis and purification. Test Methods EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 3.00g of p-aminophenol (MW = 109.1) weighed and placed in a 100-mL r.b. Then added 9.mL of water and 2.3 mL of acetic anhydride (MW= 102.1, d = 1.08 g/mL). Placed a strirring pellet in the flask and attach an air condenser. Heat the reaction with stirring to reflux and maintain reflux for 20 minutes. After cooling and detaching the air condenser, the spin vane was removed with clean forceps and the spin vane was rinsed with two or three drops of warm water, allowing the water to drop into the conical vial.
The conical vial was placed in a small beaker and allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture was Cooled thoroughly in an ice bath for 15-20 minutes and crystals collected by vacuum filtration on a Hirsch funnel. The vial was rinsed with about 5 mL of ice water and transferred into to the Hirsch funnel and again washed with two additional 5mL portions of ice water. Crystals were dried for 5-10 minutes by allowing air to be drawn through them while they remained on the Hirsch funnel. The product was transferred to a watch glass plate and allow the crystals to dry in air. Crude acetaminophen product was weighed and set aside a small sample for a melting point determination and a color comparison after the next step. Calculation of the percentage yield of crude acetaminophen (MW = 151.2). was done and recorded in the lab notebook. Yield Calculation and Melting Point Determination Weight of the crystallized acetaminophen (MW = 151.2) the percentage yield was calculated. This calculation was based on the original amount of p-aminophenol used at the beginning of this experiment. Melting point of products was determined and comparison of the final product with that of the crude acetaminophen was carried out. Also compared was the colors of the crude, decolorized, and pure acetaminophen. Pure acetaminophen melts at 169.5 -171°C.
RESULTS The melting points of the samples were recorded as follows; Pure paracetamol --- 165 p- aminophenol -- 163 crude acetaminophen-162 Data and Calculation Weight of crude acetaminophen = 3.15g Volume of acetic anhydride = 2.3ml Weight of acetaminophen = 2.99g Filter 1 weight = 57.46 Filter 2 weight = 56.60 Mole of Acetaminophen = 2.99/109.1 = 0.0274 Development of a TLC System Shown below in fig1 & 2 are IR spectra of PURE an UNPURIFIED Figure(i) Starting Material Figure(ii) Pure paracetamol
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
Anne Zhang 3/6/14 BSGE 7-1 Lab Report Problem Paragraph 1 Question: What is the effect of temperature on the dissolving time of an Alka-Seltzer? Alka-Seltzer is made up of baking soda, aspirin, and citric acid which gives the tablet the fizz when dropped in any temperature water. “Alka-Seltzer is a medication that works as a pain reliever and an antacid.
Triphenylmethyl Bromide. A 400 mL beaker was filled with hot water from the tap. Acetic acid (4 mL) and solid triphenylmethanol (0.199 g, 0.764 mmol) were added to a reaction tube, with 33% hydrobromic acid solution (0.6 mL) being added dropwise via syringe. The compound in the tube then took on a light yellow color. The tube was then placed in the beaker and heated for 5 minutes. After the allotted time, the tube was removed from the hot water bath and allowed to cool to room temperature. In the meantime, an ice bath was made utilizing the 600 mL plastic beaker, which the tube was then placed in for 10 minutes. The compound was then vacuum filtered with the crystals rinsed with water and a small amount of hexane. The crude product was then weighed and recrystallized with hexane to form fine white crystals, which was triphenylmethyl bromide (0.105 g, 0.325 mmol, 42.5%). A Beilstein test was conducted, and the crystals produced a green to greenish-blue flame.
Since, the expected weight was 50.63 mg the percent yield is 59.3%. A TLC was conducted on this final product and a faint spot of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone still appeared in lane 3 of the plate; meaning the reaction did not fully go to completion. The Rf values were 0.444, 0.156, and 0.111, where the lowest value is the trans isomer and the highest value is the ketone. This affected the IR spectrum conducted by having a carbonyl group peak at 1715 cm-1 which should not be present if all the product was 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. However, the IR spectrum still showed peaks at 3292 cm-1 (hydroxyl group), 2939 cm-1 (sp2 carbon bonded to hydrogen) and 2859 cm-1 (sp3 carbon bonded to hydrogen) which support the presence of the alcohol. The accepted melting point of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol is in the range of 62 – 70˙C (Lab Manual). The two melting point measurements using the Mel-Temp® machine gave ranges of 57 – 61˙C and 58 – 62˙C, which is not exact due to some 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone being present that has a low melting point of around 47 – 50˙C
The solvent should be easily removed from the purified product, not react with the target substances, and should only dissolve the target substance near it’s boiling point, but none at freezing. A successful recrystallization uses minimum amount of solvent, and cools the solution slowly, if done to fast, many impurities will be left in the crystals. Using the correct solvent, in this case ice water and ethyl acetate, the impurities in the compound can be dissolved to obtain just the pure compound. A mixed solvent was used to control the solubility of the product. The product is soluble in ethanol an insoluble in water. Adding water reduced solubility and saturates the solution and then the crystals
Craig, D. Q. (2002). Pharmaceutical Applications of Micro-Thermal Analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 91(5), 1201-1213.
As proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) Omeprazole and Lansoprazole are effective therapeutic agents for Peptic ulcers. But which one is more effective as a PPI and highly useful for peptic ulcers disease. The basis of the distinction lies in the pharmacological safety and efficacy of each PPI, which is assessed in this paper in a head to head comparison. After obtaining the relevant literature from Database PubMed and Proquest, it is sufficient to conclude that Lansoprazole proved to be a more effective and safe than Omeprazole.
Mold is a member of the fungi family. Since mold is part of the fungi family, it cannot use the sun to obtain energy. This means that mold has to use other plants or animals to grow. Even though they cannot see them, there are millions of mold spores in the air. These spores settle down and start to multiply which can be done rapidly or slowly as long as it has a food source. Mold usually grows best in warm environments, but it can still grow in cold environments also. Mold can cause illness such as vomiting or feeling nauseated when it is eaten or when it smells bad.
...le of the specific binding to metal molecular cations. 18-crown-6 and 15- crown ethers are used for the recrystallization of AN from non aqueous solvents. The crystals formed by this method showed decrease in hygroscopicity . T. Lee et al. used crown ethers to minimize the polymorphic transition near room temperature. The room temperature phase transition is minimized by forming 1:1 co-crystal of AN-benzo-18-crown-6 with a melting point of 125-129 0C. One disadvantage of this Phase stabilized AN is that it reduces the burn rate of the propellant. Organic compounds, those are having crystallographic structure close to AN crystalline structure are also used as phase stabilizers. N. Galavina et al. have been studied the phase stabilization of AN using the organic compounds containing plane unsaturated N-Heterocycles substituted by carbonyl, amine or imine groups.
The dosage of the drug should be used according to the carton instructions. A 10 gram over dose in adults, 140 mg for kids, can cause permanent liver damage. Also if you had just taken some other drugs , The acetaminophen may become more toxic since the drugs are catabolized in the liver. To protect yourself from injury, you should take 1 gram of vitamin C and Cysteine -a bodily antioxidant.
FTM: The fluid thioglycollate medium is a semi solid, in which the thioglycollate is used as a reducing agent to protect anaerobes and determine the organism’s oxygen requirements. Reazurin is used as an indicator for the medium’s aerobic region, as it is only pink when O2 is present or oxidized1. If there is growth throughout the tube it would be positive as a facultative aerobe; however, if there is only growth within the reazurin region, the organism is an aerobe.
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant which can suppress the effect of adenosine on adenosine receptors and consequently reduced the drowsiness induced by adenosine.(Nehlig et al., 1992) Caffeine in beverages including coffee, tea, and energy drink has become the most commonly used psychoactive substance with researches shown that 87% of US population consume caffeine.(Frary et al., 2005) The worldwide popularity of caffeine causes concerns in its safety, thus it is important to understand its effects on metabolism. This report focuses on the ergogenic effect of caffeine on aerobic metabolism. Aerobic capacity (VO2 max) measures the maximal oxygen consumption during incremental exercise. It describes the ability of the cardiorespiratory system in distributing oxygen to muscles. Thus, VO2 max acts as a quantitative reflection of
Analysis of Aspirin Tablets Aim --- To discover the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in a sample of aspirin tablets. ----------------------------------------------------------------- In order to do this, the amount of moles that react with the sodium hydroxide must be known. This is achieved by using the method of back titration.
Naproxen sodium, with a molecular formula of C14H13NaO3, has a molecular weight of 252.24 g/mol. It has a melting point of 55°C and has the appearance of a solid; crystalline power (powdered solid). The chemical is odorless, has a white color, and is slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer). It is stable under normal conditions; however, it is best to avoid conditions such as dust formation, incompatible products, and excess heat. The chemical is slightly soluble in either, soluble in methanol and chloroform, but not soluble in water.
...auryl sulphate (SLS) will be used at different concentrations in the paracetamol suppositories of palm kernel base (HAMIN®) to examine its effect on the drug release and to determine the most favourable concentration of SLS on increasing the absorption rate of paracetamol rectally.