A propellant is used in the military application and it is consists of oxidizer, fuel, plasticizer, curing agent and cross linkers. The commonly used oxidizer is ammonium perchlorate. But its combustion products are environmentally hazardous. Nowadays, ammonium nitrate is gaining great attraction in the field of propellant as a great oxidizer. Ammonium nitrate is an inorganic compound used as fertilizer, oxidizer and also for other applications. AN combined with fuel can be used in gas generators . The ammonium nitrate extracted from demilitarized rocket motors can be used as an oxidizing agent in the hydrothermal oxidation of organic wastes . It has seven phase transitions3. Phase transition of ammonium nitrate The IUPAC defined polymorphic transition as “A reversible transition of a solid crystalline phase at a certain temperature and pressure (the inversion point ) to another phase of the same chemical composition with a different crystal structure” . The crystal structure (II) is found to be disordered tetragonal, space group P4͞ 21m, a = 5.7193 , c = 4.9326 A0,,Z=2 . The phase (IV) of AN is stable between the temperature -18 and 32.30C. It belongs to the orthorhombic structure with space group Pmmn. It has a coordination number of two. The IV-III transition take place at near temperature about 32 0C. it causes swelling, caking and particle deterioration of stored ammonium nitrate. The IV-III transition only occurs when moisture is present and this transition takes place by the dissolution and recrystallization of the solid . During recystallization process salt bridges are formed between the crystallites. This phase transition is followed by a volume change. It also leads to the ... ... middle of paper ... ...le of the specific binding to metal molecular cations. 18-crown-6 and 15- crown ethers are used for the recrystallization of AN from non aqueous solvents. The crystals formed by this method showed decrease in hygroscopicity . T. Lee et al. used crown ethers to minimize the polymorphic transition near room temperature. The room temperature phase transition is minimized by forming 1:1 co-crystal of AN-benzo-18-crown-6 with a melting point of 125-129 0C. One disadvantage of this Phase stabilized AN is that it reduces the burn rate of the propellant. Organic compounds, those are having crystallographic structure close to AN crystalline structure are also used as phase stabilizers. N. Galavina et al. have been studied the phase stabilization of AN using the organic compounds containing plane unsaturated N-Heterocycles substituted by carbonyl, amine or imine groups. A
Sodium ferrate(IV) was arranged by the system depicted by Scholder and Bunsen (18). Twenty-four sections of Fe203 and 40 sections of Na20 (K & K Laboratories, Plainview, N.Y.) by weight were personally blended in a porcelain mortar without HO and CO (in a powder box free of CO and HO). The mixture was exchanged to an unmanageable watercraft (sintered corundum) and set in a tubular heater at 150°C through which dry oxygen streamed. In the following 30 minutes the temperature was expanded to 450°C and yielded sodium ferrate(IV) following 60 minutes.
nucleation. When nucleation in the liquid phase is catalyzed by foreign surfaces other than the material to be crystallized (such as by dust particles or wall surfaces), it is described as primary heterogeneous nucleation. In solutions in which crystals already exist, secondary nucleation is thought to be by far the most significant source of nuclei. The supersaturation at which secondary nucleation rises is much lower than that which gives rise to primary nucleation.( Garside and Davey ,1980; Garside, 1985; Nyvlt et al., 1985); Fig. (I.4) shown A simple scheme for nucleation .
Physical and Chemical Properties (2001, January 16). In Material Safety Data Sheet. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/msds/nh4no3.htm
-Formation (Recrystallization) – allows the hot solution to cool and begin to form crystals. For rapid cooling, an ice water bath can be used.
The power of the reactive process (Nitric Acid Formula) is to blend oxygen and ammonium nitrate (NH3) at high temperatures in the region of platinum and rhodium (which impulses at the same time) to produce Nitrous Oxide which, when crumbled in water, nitric acid – generally called NHO3. In its general structure nitric acid has a convergence of around 68%, when in a response holding more than 86%; it is suggested as boiling over nitric acid. Dependent upon the measure of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further depicted as white fuming or red fuming, concentration above 95%. Nitric acid is similarly used as a robust oxidizing agent. Whilst open in various concentration and every one offers different properties the engineered has different uses in industry and agribusiness, the essential ones being:
Through researching both organic and inorganic materials, I have come to understand that there are many properties and structures ranging from shape to uses in commercial products. The advancement of science as well as technology is an underlying theme of this report which points to the development of future innovations. These innovations have at times been discovered accidently but the further movement of studies is a testament to the human desire for discovery. Further studies will exhibit more data and discoveries that will improve the world.
In Iowa and elsewhere, runoff from fertilized fields and roads polluting drinking water and creating dead zones. That water eventually drains into our lakes, rivers and streams.
The Golden Quadrilateral comprises of the NH4 Highway from National Highway 4 (NH 4) is a major National Highway in Western and Southern India. NH 4 links four of the 10 most populous Indian cities - Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, and Chennai. NH 4 is 1,235 km (767 mi) in length and passes through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Road transport has emerged as the dominant segment in India’s transportation sector with a share of 4.7 per cent in India’s GDP in comparison to railways that had a 1 per cent share of GDP in 2009-10 as per the data on National Accounts released by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO).
directly into the air in a harmful form and are substances directly emitted from a
Where R expresses the growth rate of the crystal and t, s, c express the temperature, supersaturation and concentration of impurity respectively, in the solution. Different crystal faces have grown at different rates under varying environmental conditions. Growth of good quality single crystals by slow evaporation and slow cooling techniques have required optimize conditions. These are (i) material purification, (ii) Solvent selection, (iii) solubility, (v) seed preparation, (vi) agitation, (vii) crystal habit and (viii) cooling rate.
Fritz Haber was a Jewish German chemist who won a Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1918 after he found a way to pull nitrogen from the atmosphere and created synthetic fertilizer. “Using high pressure and a catalyst, he directly reacted nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to create ammonia.” (Chemical Heritage Foundation). This is known as nitrogen fixation. He discovered this in a period of time when there was a shortage of food in the world. Half of our food comes from synthetic fertilizer. Even now with chemical fertilizer, millions of people don’t have enough food to feed themselves or their families. He may have contributed to chemistry with his findings, but he severely damaged agriculture. Chemical fertilizer does more harm than good because it damages the environment. More farmers should use organic fertilizers to grow crops.
The experimental melting range for each compound was within one to two degrees of the literature melting point which indicated possible contaminates. This was due to incomplete drying and/or errors during synthesis.
Fertilizer any substance of natural or synthetic origin, which are applied to the soil or tissue implant to provide plant nutrients or more vital to the development of plants. The effective increasing crop production and increase the quality of the crop. There are two types of fertilizers.
Plants are grown in using two different kinds of soils, one kind of soil was developed by adding inorganic fertilizer and the other was developed by adding organic fertilizers. The growth and development of plants was observed by time to time. The increase in length of plants was observed to see the rate of growth of plants.
At different concentrations, many curves were obtained with one having the highest peak. The curve with the highest peak on the intensity axis was used to trace the present compound which synchronizes with a unique crystalline lattice and lattice spacing. Sodium Nitrate NaNO3 (Nitratine) compound was detected (Figure 1, 2, 3, 4 and