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How the Ottoman empire rose and fell
How the Ottoman empire rose and fell
The modernization of the Ottoman empire
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Ottoman Empire
-Introduction
I have chosen to write my paper on the Ottoman Empire. I chose the Ottoman Empire because I have heard about them a few times but didn't know much about them. All I knew was that they were Muslim and had conquered Constantinople and Egypt at some point. Most people also have heard of the exotic harems and the later banned act of, open succession.
-Birth of the Ottomans
The Ottoman empire originated in about 1300AD by a man named Osman I, a nomadic Turkish chief. His name is where the term Ottoman is derived from. Osman I, also called Osman Gazi was born in 1258 in a town named Sogut, his father's name was Ertugrul Gazi and his mother's name was Hayme Sultan. Osman I was said to be, tall with a dark complexion, hazel eyes, and a round face, with thick eyebrows as well as largely built, mostly on his upper portion. Although known for his great wars against the Byzantines, Osman I was said to have been a fair Sultan because he would give food and clothing to the poor. Osman I's death is not certain, however it was sometime between 1324 or 1326AD and traditionally it is said that Osman I
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died just after the capture of Bursa, because of gout. (www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire)( http://www.britannica.com/biography/Osman-I)( http://www.theottomans.org/english/family/osman.asp) Osman was succeeded by his son Orhan also known as Orhan Gazi. Born in 1281, Orhan was said to be, tall with blue eyes and a blonde beard. Orhan Gazi had many wifes, one of which was a daughter of the Byzantine Prince, her original name was Holofira or Theodora. The story goes that Holofira left her wedding ceremony to elope with Orhan, in which she was converted to Islam and her named changed to Nilufer Hatun. It is Nilufer and Orhan's son, Murad that will be sultan next. During Orhan's reign he conquered Nicaea, Nicomedia and established a capital in Bursa. The Ottoman empire was also organized as a state with a new currency, modernized army and government.(www.britannica.com/biography/Orhan)(www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire) (www.theottomans.org/english/family/orhan.asp) -Ottomans and the beginning of struggle Murad I became the ruler following Orhan's death in 1362, he ruled from 1362 to 1389AD. Within Murad I reign the empire grew fast and basic Ottoman imperial institutions were created. Positions like the kaziasker or military judge, beylerbeyi or commander in chief, and grandvizier or chief minister, was produced and were given to people outside the family of Osman I's bloodline. Murad is also the father of the Janissary corps and the devşirme also called the child-levy system, in which the Janissaries or young boys, were forcibly recruited. This practice horrified conquered towns and was looked upon as brutal however, as time passed and these young boys became powerful and part of the elite, people wanted their sons to be a part of this corp. Murad's death is controversial, he was either assassinated, died in the battle Kosovo or was assassinated before or after the battle of Kosovo but what is certain is that he died June 1389AD. (www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-I) (www.geni.com/people/Murad-I/376469510660012902)( http://everything.explained.today/Murad_I/) Yildirim Bayezid also known as Bayezid I and Thunderbolt came into rule after his father's death in 1389. Bayezid I is most famous for his sieges on Constantinople, in which he starved the city by blocking boats with supplies from entering for seven months and built the Anatolia fortress right outside the city gates, before capturing the city of Constantinople. Later Bayezid is captured, and dies in captivity by the Mongol warlord Timur Lenk. This is said to be the first defeat of the Ottoman empire. (www.britannica.com/biography/Bayezid-I) (www.ottomanempire1453.com/index.php/2015/09/30/reign-of-yildirim-bayezid/) European Crusade start to push the Ottomans out of Europe during the years after Bayezid's death however, what is really hindering Ottoman efforts to restore power between 1402 to 1413 was an internal conflict, the beginning of "open succession" and has come to be known as the "Interregnum".
During this time four of Bayezid’s sons, Süleyman Çelebi, İsa Çelebi, Mehmed Çelebi, and Musa Çelebi, battled for rule of the empire. In the end after the death of the others, Mehmed was victor and the new sultan. After the start of restoration of the empire and Mehmed's death in 1421, his son Murad II became sultan of the Ottoman empire. Murad is left with the restoration of his crumbling empire and proves to handle it well, expanding the empire during his
reign.(britannica.com/biography/Mehmed-I)(britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire)(schools.bvsd.org) -Height and Decline of Ottomans One of the Ottomans greatest time periods was during the rule of Mehmed II that ruled from 1451 to 1481AD. During his and his more proximal successors rules, was the Ottoman's golden age of expansion. In the 1500's the Ottoman Empire expanded to Egypt, Syria, Algiers, Hungary as well as parts of Greece, however by the late 1500's and early 1600's the empire starts to slowly decline. By the 1700's the Ottoman empire is in full decline. After their defeat in the Russo-Turkish Wars, treaties are imposed on the Ottomans crippling their empire economically and between the Crimean War between 1853-1856 and the Balkan Wars between 1912-1913, the Ottoman empire was shrinking, divided and weak. The final nail in the coffin was WWI, in which the Ottoman empire never recovered because of the, "Treaty of Sevres". The treaty abolished the Ottoman Empire. (geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/The-Ottoman-Empire.htm) -Conclusion Amazingly the Ottoman empire ruled for about 600 years and expanded to, over three continents. They conquered cities in Europe, Asia and Africa expanding Muslim rule. I found it very interesting that although fierce they were religiously tolerant, which the cities in their path were grateful for. I also found it very interesting that when thousands of Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 as part of the Inquisition, they were encouraged to go to the Ottoman Empire.
As you can see, the Byzantine and Arab empires had many characteristics that came to define them. Whether it was through their religious beliefs, political structure, or economy, each was able to create a vast, long lasting empire which came to define the post-classical period.
The "Ottoman Decline" San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. 23 Mar. 2010. Web. The Web. The Web. 06 Apr. 2011.
The Ottomans and Spanish built flourishing empires based on different philosophies from 1450 to 1800. The Ottoman and Spanish were two powerful empires during that time. During the building of the two empires, the Spanish and the Ottoman both developed similarities in their social, political, and economic structures. The Ottoman took control of Europe, while the Spanish saw it as easy to monitor new lands. The different tactics employed made the both empires flourish. For instance, the Spanish were not tolerant of religion. They conquered other areas with the aim of converting Christians to Islam, if they refused, they would be killed. On the other hand, the Ottoman leaders incorporated leaders of diverse culture
Between 1301 to 1922, in the region north of present day Syria, was known as the Ottoman empire. It was rooted in the belief that Islam as an ideology should be in power. One territory held by the Ottoman empire was their homeland of Turkey. In 1907, the Sultan Abdul Hamid II, wanted for the most part to have people who were educated outside of the country limited in what they could do, and if not then they were expunged, as he thought that they were the cause of his land’s plight and decline. This resulted in him becoming very unpopular with his people, thus having many secret societies created practically under his nose. The most important being The Young Turks.
While taking the class of Early Modern European History there was two states that really stuck out and peaked my interest the most. They were the Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. If you compare and contrast both the Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe during the 16th Century through the 18th Century, you will see that there are a number of similarities as well as differences when you look at the expansion of the states. You will also see many of these contrasts as well when you look in terms of each states military and commerce. Although the Ottoman Empire existed before the 16th century and continued to exist past the 18th century and in great decline until the early 20th century, when looking at the state as a whole the time period of 1500’s through the 1700’s is a period of growth and strength. It is perhaps even known as a golden era for the state, when taking in to comparison the Early Modern Europeans where the same time period marks a change in how society thought and how people were treated.
Ultimately, European influence played a fundamental role in the shaping of the Ottoman Empire and Egypt during the 18th and early 19th century. It’s influence was most significant through government, economic, and military influence but its effects reverberated throughout society. Western influence was much less significant in Iran, primarily due to the fragmented nature of governorship in the region.
1. The three main factors that resulted in the Ottoman expansion of the 14th century were rooted in geopolitics, military technology a nd strategy, and political strategy. The Ottoman capital and center of economics (post-1453) was located at Istanbul, which was not only the geographical “gateway” to Europe, but also connected Asia and Europe, which made Istanbul an extremely important area for commerce and merchants travelling from one continent to the other. Even after the Ottoman takeover of the Byzantines, they were able to expand even more partly due to the capitol and funds gained through commerce in Istanbul. The Ottomans also created an army that was aided by new technologies such as firearms as well as horses, which helped them expand exponentially through the Middle East. The balance within their military, with the Calvary coupled with armed Janissaries, furthered their military might. Lastly, the political strategy of Osman and his heirs helped to further Ottoman goals including expansion.
They began to take rent from the people who lived there, place taxes on local markets and tollbooths were placed at the entrance to the cities. This all helped to create the fiscal-military state which made it possible for rulers to pay their armies and guards with cash. It was the conquering of the Byzantine Empire that helped to make money more accessible to the Ottoman Empire, the Byzantine Empire was part of the Roman Empire which was the longest lasting Empire and most likely more advance than some of the smaller Empires. Metals such as silver, lead, and iron were necessary to keep enough money to pay the armies their salaries. The Ottomans took over the silver, iron and lead mines in Serbia and Bosnia making them the masters of metal production. Both the Habsburgs and the Ottomans used large amounts of gold and silver to purchase firearms, cannons and ships to conquer the world.
1. What you are studying (which three works and the topic of your paper) Topic: I’m going to be writing my paper on Cultural Appropriation. I’m going to focus on cultural appropriation in music and hip hop. Then I’m going to use cultural appropriation in hair as a way of questioning whether cultural appropriation is actually cultural appreciation.
The once great Ottoman Empire led the world from the fifteenth century until the early twentieth
Byzantine culture begins with the establishment of the city Constantinople by Emperor Constantine in 330 AD. This is considered by some historians to be the beginning of Byzantium, the term for the Eastern Roman Empire. Other historians argue that Byzantium was only established after the fall of the empire in the West in 476 (Loverance 6). The Byzantines continued many Roman traditions, but as time went on, Byzantine culture became more and more distant from that of the Romans.
Clow, Kate. "Ottoman Empire." Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Ed. Karen Christensen and David Levinson. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. 398-401. World History in Context. Web. 30 Apr. 2014.
At one time, the reforms made by the Young Turks worked well, but only for a short time. Overthrowing the tyranny of Hamid should have been enough to help establish a new government, but the triumvirate also became quite oppressive during their reign. Turkism established a new form of nationalism that left out various nationalities, races, and cultures, and this led to the decline of the empire. Following World War I, the empire was faced with so many conflicts, they were unable to remain strong. Even though the reformers set out to strengthen the empire, it is quite possible they are the reason for the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
Today, there are virtually no multinational states remaining and one would be hard-pressed to find a government that has remained in place since the pre-World War I era. In that sense, it is highly unlikely that the Ottoman Empire could have survived the tumultuous 20th Century. Nevertheless, it may have had a chance. If not for European intervention, Ottoman reforms may have succeeded. However, even with those reforms, they had to compete with the rise of nationalism, which would have been difficult.
Located in the province of Xianjing, the Uyghurs are isolated by massive mountains, deserts, Communist China, and extreme poverty. The Uyghurs are of Turkic origin, and were one of the 9 original tribes. One of these tribes, the Ottomans, sacked Constantinople in 1459, starting the rein of the Sultans for 400 years. The superpower carved a massive empire, from its roots in Turkey, to spread from the Russian steppes to the Alps to India, and stamping their name on history in blood. European history in the 1400‘s, 1500‘s, and 1600‘s centered on the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire and the Arabic people carved two massive empires in an extremely short time. They crushed the medieval christian kingdoms around Jerusalem, and quickly started attacking Christian kingdoms in Spain, Greece, and the Balkans. These conflicts between Muslims and Christians have been the longest and bloodiest in the history of the world, and still persist today. These Ottomans are, understandably, the most wel...