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Positivism vs interpretivism research
Impact of social media on consumer behavior
Impact of social media on consumer behavior
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Chapter 3 Methodology Research philosophy According to Mcnnab (2007) there are three dominant views; positivism, interpretive approach and realism research. These philosophies are about the knowledge that emerges, but considered not to be independent and in other aspects more likely to have common characteristics and clashes with one another. The positivist position which claims to be the natural of science and prefer working in social reality hence, the testing of hypothesis developed from any existing theory through the measurement of observable realities Paul Flowers (2009). The positivism approach is based upon values of reason, the truth that is revealed purely on the facts that is gathered through the direct observation and experience which is measured empirically using quantitative methods; statistical analysis, surveys and experience. According to Sundar (2003) this research philosophy has an important role of an objective analyst be able to evaluate the collected data that will produce appropriate effective results. The interpretive philosophy describes by Hatch and Cunliffe (2006) and by Blaikie (1993) as the anti- positivist which contented to be a fundamental difference between the subject matter and nature of social science. Nevertheless, the social world argued that the individual group should be able to make sense of the situation based upon their experience and expectations Flowers (2009). Therefore, is a constant reconstruction in experience which results to differing interpretation this multiplies interpretation that creates a social society which people act. The interpretive is considered to be a multiple of realties, Denzin and Lincoln, (2003). As this is interprets through the experience a conducted in th... ... middle of paper ... ...o use for instant information. Data will be collected from the like page on Facebook, Instagram, twitter and Youtube these results will be converted into a table from their sub categories which will be formed from the tweets that are tweeted whether they link to consumer behaviour. There will be certain skills needed in this process, being open minded with data collected, observing the right information for your research and making sure it is reliable. Using social media as platform and tools to collect data become important in my research allowing to access like pages 24/7. This research interested me to investigate the influence of different social media on decision making. Also, the difference in characteristics according to consumers, the cultural and nationalities that interest to understand the influence of consumer behaviour and the variables behind it.
Based on the preceding ontological and epistemological assumptions a researcher then makes methodological assumptions. Having decided on exactly what is to be studied the researcher then decides how the research can best be managed thus formulating a plan of action. Considerations include whether the research used should be primary or secondary. Whether one will test an existing hypothesis or whether one will construct a theory after having collated evidence. Finally one can draw conclusions as to which strategy to implement with the ultimate goal of producing the type of knowledge that is required. This then results in the type of method or methods of research to be used.
Though it is agreed that epistemologists need to account for the role social factors play in inquiry, developing a viable social epistemology has proved to be a difficult task. According to Longino, it is the processes that make inquiry possible that are social, requiring a number of people to sustain them. These processes, she claims, not only facilitate inquiry, but also ensure that the results of inquiry are more than mere subjective opinions, and thus deserve to be called "knowledge." Here, I want to both explain and defend Longino's epistemology.
Pooja, M., Black, J. E., Jiangmei, C., Berger, P. D., & Weinberg, B. D. (2012). The Impact of Social Media Usage on Consumer Buying Behavior. Advances In Management, 5(1), 14-22.
Using and understanding research Task 2- research methodology: Research methodology is a systematic way to solve a problem, it is a science of studying how research should be carried out. The way in which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena are called research methodology. This is also defined as the study of methods where knowledge is gained (arxiv.org, 2015).
The postpositivist worldview reflects more of a quantitative approach than a qualitative approach to research and challenges the traditional idea of absolute knowledge by recognizing that what is observed is human behavior. Postpositivists philosophies are deterministic (cause determines effect), reductionistic (reduces ideas into a small, discrete set to test), carefully observed and measurable, and need testing to be verified.
On the one hand, the positivist philosophy encompasses the normative paradigm as it recognizes that human behavior is easily detected, categorized and can simply
We may note certain alternatives to and variations on the perspectivist's thesis. There is first of all what we might call the standard position, namely, that there may be many perspectives on a given question, but all but one of them are wrong and can in principle be shown to be so. There is classical skepticism holding that there is a true view but we can't get it and wouldn't know it if we did. There are also the relatively more recent views that large philosophical questions are meaningless (as in positivism) or illusory (as in analytic philosophy). There is what we might call the existential view that there are many views and we may appropriate one according to our own free decision or freely selected standard of evaluation. There is the pragmatic view, that there are many views and many of them are of personal interest and many may indeed be considered true in varying ways and degrees and for varying purposes and persons. Then there is the view that the perspective we appropriate tends to become true in varying ways and degrees, at least for the subject, so that we create our world in varying ways and degrees. Finally, there is the view that we do not so much search for a view, find a view, choose a view, but rather that our views arise in us more as a consequence of our culture, temperament, or character than of our reasoning powers.
This worldview has typically represented a more traditional style of research that is highly comparable to the scientific method. Assumptions within this worldview are more often true for quantitative research. In this approach, the researcher begins with a theory, collects data that either supports or refutes the theory, then makes the necessary adjustments and performs more tests to test the adjustments. This theory also acknowledges that researchers must recognize that they cannot be positive about their claims when studying the behavior and actions of humans.
Positivism Paradigm is considered the “scientific method”; Interpretivist Paradigm approaches understanding using the world of “human experience”. Critical and Transformative researchers "believe that inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda" (Creswell, 2003, p.9). Pragmatism theorists are not committed to any specific system of philosophy or model that use the most relevant theory applicable to their research. Understanding paradigms is essential to preparing for dissertation research. Paradigms provide a framework to write and explain my philosophies, accurately support the data compiled and structure the narrative research. Selecting the paradigm will determine if the research will include qualitative data, quantitative data or a mixed method which will incorporate a blended method approach. Choosing an incorrect approach can lead to research flaws and
While in case of grounded theory method theoretical sampling method is applied in order it helps in theory structure. When collecting data for in grounded theory, theorist collects data, codes and analyzes the data that facilitates the emergence of theory. But in ethnography, it is not aim to generate theories; rather concerned with describing cultural significance behind a specific idea by giving further emphasis to precise feature of culture and apply purpose sampling.
Positivist Paradigm is when the researcher separates reality from his/her knowledge to create an “objective reality” in which to conduct research. This paradigm focuses on the true truth of reality. Discovers broad patterns of behavior. Primarily uses quantitative data and relies on easily manipulated experimental
However, interpretivist epistemology relies on the belief that knowledge is discovered through experience, and the context that a person places on the experience (Hatch, 2006). A person’s ontology and epistemology coincide with one another in that people who have an objective ontology also have a positivist epistemology, while the reverse is also true (Hatch, 2006). This causes these two groups of people to view the world very differently. A good comparison would be to compare how a scientist views the world and how an artist views
Positivism is a research method that developed from the behavioral revolution, which sought to combine positivism and empiricism to politics (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 27). That is to say, this research approach is governed by natural law to observe, understand and to find meaning in the empirical world. This type of research seeks to answer two empirical questions, such as ‘what is out there’ and ‘what do we call it’ (Gerring, 2001: 156). Positivism is only interested in phenomenons that can be observed through our senses. Thus, positivism is interested in social realities that can be observed and measured by the scientific method (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 29). Furthermore, positivism believes that the gathering of evidence through scientific method can create knowledge and laws, known as induction (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 27). That is to say, evidence can be verified and later generalized then applied to multiple contexts. A positivist would investigate empirical questions that assume how the world works through the accuracy of a probable truth (Gerring, 2001: 155).
Research philosophy, refers to the development of knowledge adopted by the researchers in their research (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). In other words, it is the theory that used to direct the researcher for conducting the procedure of research design, research strategy, questionnaire design and sampling (Malhotra, 2009). It is very important to have a clear understanding of the research philosophy so that we could examine the assumptions about the way we view the world, which are contained in the research philosophy we choose, knowing that whether they are appropriate or not (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009), three major ways of thinking about research philosophy are examined: ontology, epistemology and axiology. Each of them carries significant differences which will have an impact on the way we consider the research procedures. Ontology, “is concerned with nature of reality”, while epistemology “concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study and axiology “studies judgements about value” (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, p110, p112, p116). This study is intent on creating some “facts” from objective evaluations which are made by the subjects. Therefore, epistemology will be chosen for this study as the way of thinking about the research philosophy.
The Importance and Appropriateness of Utilizing Different Methodologies for Research. Introduction The process of research entails the logical as well as systematic search for useful data and information with regard to a specific topic (Jha, 2008). It is also comprised of the investigation of the best, most cost effective and appropriate solutions to both social and scientific issues, following an objective and logical analysis. Jha, (2008) defines research as the search for knowledge and the discovery of the truth. During this process, the data can be gathered from a wide pool of sources among them interviews, books, nature among others.The data can then be analyzed with the appropriate data analysis tools, so as to report the findings