Argument (P. 88) – The point of an argument is to convince someone through using truth or logic, also known as logos: facts, evidence, reliable testimonies, common sense and determining probability. This does not require the presence of an opposing force to ague. If I were to write a paper on television being the leading cause for poor vision, that would be an argument.
2) Pathos (P. 89) - The appeal to emotions. People's specific type of emotions that are susceptible include: patriarchy, justice, and family.
3) Dispute (P. 89) - This type of argument requires two or more people.
4) Tone (P.89) - This is how someone carries themselves. This results in the impression that audiences receive from the writer or arguer. Tone is established by
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89) - In Greek, ethos stood for character. Am I using appropriate language and demonstrating an understanding of an issues complex nature?
6) Topic (P. 91) - What is the point? If I am arguing about when should an adult move out of their parent's homes, the topic is as follows; Adults should stop living with their parents at a minimum age of 60. If a topic is vague, it can be argued unfavorably and undesirably, so be specific.
7) Induction (P. 91) - A tool of reasoning that relies on established patterns to make a reliable prediction.
8) Deduction (P. 101) - A type of reasoning that relies on uncertain trends to make a specific
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364) - This leads to the confusion of a statement's meaning. Due to a phrase being unclear, it can be interpreted with many different meanings.
4) Fallacy of Division (P. 364) - It includes generalizing. What may be true for all, may not be true for one.
5) Fallacy of Composition (P. 365) - It includes generalizing. What may be true for one, may not be true for all.
6) Fallacy of Begging the Question (P. 371) - This flaw in reasoning consists of coming to a conclusion without taking into consideration other explanations. For example, if I conclude that god has given me fortune for the day because I won the lottery, I am not taking into consideration the form in which the lottery operated.
7) Oversimplification (P. 372) - It is easy to ride a bike. This sentence generalizes, riding a bike may not be easy for some with motor dexterity function problems. When something is oversimplified, it lacks details.
8) Red Herring (P. 372) - This causes an aversion of attention from the thesis or main point to another point.
9) Poison the Well (P. 374) - This tactic diverts attention from the details, the logic, the reasoning, the evidence, and points it directly to the main point. This undermines all of the established arguing. This tactic does all of this by ignoring the main issue and averting attention to a source that can explain their false
Argumentation has followed humans from the dawn of time as a way for us to express our ideas and for our ideas to be heard. People naturally obtain the knowledge to persuade others, either backing their opinions by fact or touching others emotionally, from growing up and through their own experiences in life. We can be persuaded by a numerous amounts of different factors pertaining to the argument. There are four different types of strategies in which an argument can be presented and make the argument effective. Martin Luther King is a key example of the utilization of the strategies as he wrote, “Letter from Birmingham Jail” and Nicholas Carr also portrays the strategies with his essay, “Is Google Making Us Stupid?” Both authors perfectly
The first type of premise he uses is an empirical premise. “Empirical premises use empirical evidence that appeals to facts about the world obtained through observing or measuring the world” (Quant...
In this paper we will be discussing the rhetorical devices, logos, ethos, pathos, kairos, and
First being able to master the subject of the matter we are speaking about. Next having an understanding of the audience we are addressing, and lastly having voice and character throughout our writings. The steps in which he states is necessary to create a valid argument makes sense once broken down, as to why it would be much more persuasive. Looking back on the essays this semester that persuaded me to agree with their stance all had one thing in common; they all had a combination of the three factors Booth speaks of. Booth agrees, feeling the same way when he writes, “The common ingredient that I find in all of the writing I admire-excluding for now novels, plays and poems are something that I shall reluctantly call the rhetorical stance, a stance which depends on discovering and maintaining in any writing situation a proper balance among the three elements”
Pathos, is used in commercials to create a convincing argument about this product by showing emotion and has connecting with other. As you can see, a man does not feel lonely, the relationships between the father, son and friends have good time.
individuals; therefore we think things about people that might not be true” (McLeod 1).And that
Rottenberg, A.R. & Winchell, D. H (2012). Elements of Argument: a text and reader (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s
There are two main types of arguments: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide (or appear to provide) complete support for the conclusion. An inductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide (or appear to provide) some degree of support (but less than complete support) for the conclusion. If the premises actually provide the required degree of support for the conclusion, then the argument is a good one. A good deductive argument is known as a valid argument and is such that if all its premises are true, then its conclusion must be true. If all the argument is valid and actually has all true premises, then it is known as a sound argument. If it is invalid or has one or more false premises, it will be unsound. A good inductive argument is known as a strong (or "cogent") inductive argument. It is such that if the premises are true, the conclusion is likely to be true.
Hasty generalization can lead to superstitions, for instance, a competitive runner wears his new socks to an important race and wins. Later in the month, the same runner races without his new socks and loses the race. The runner is inclined to believe that wearing his “lucky” socks leads to victory. There are too few trials to prove that the socks help win races. When there are few facts about a subject, the fallacy of ignorance is used to argue that something is true based on lack of evidence against it. This fallacy is also used to argue something doesn't exist based on lack of evidence for it. Atheists often claim god doesn’t exist because there are no proven facts while theists claim god does exists because there is no evidence to disprove their god/gods, both are fallacies of ignorance. Another fallacy used in arguments is tautology. When someone makes a claim and uses proof that sounds redundant to the conclusion, it is known as tautology. An anarchist may claim, “The three branches of government will take turns crashing, one after the other.” ‘Taking turns’ and ‘one after the other’ are essentially the same thing, the anarchist uses tautology to make the audience unreasonably think that the government may fall
Fallacies are occasionally made unintentionally, yet they are also a clever and almost subliminal way of getting the argumenter’s
Many people do this in their everyday life making up excuses for something that is not important and taking it to the extreme. Circular Arguments are saying something is true just because you say so, or something declares it is true because that is what it states. People assuming things quickly without questioning it first or researching information on it before deciding. Hasty Generalization is making a statement without enough evidence to support it, it is like casual fallacy, which is assuming with no evidence. These are both similar because they are making judgments without collecting the evidence to make the correct decision on the topic at hand. Both the casual and hasty fallacies make their assumptions based on what is in front of them in that
Our tendency to attribute others’ behaviour to dispositional factors, rather than situational factors are an example of the fundamental attribution error. There is less information out in the environment to make dispositional attributions, so we result to situational attributions. Also, the fundamental attribution error does not make us feel helpless in life because we have control on our own opinions on others. Our tendency to attribute success to dispositional factors and failure to situational factors are examples of the self serving bias. People demonstrate this error due to self-presentation and self-esteem. Also, these attribution errors are a result of our expectation or effort to succeed or fail. The fundamental attribution error and the self serving bias are both errors in attribution, since they propose flaws in attribution theory and how people explain
According to our textbook, this fallacy is one in which one gives an argument that assumes a major point at issue; also known as petitio principii. (Hardy, Foster, & Postigo, 2015) No matter how strongly one feels about a subject, you should be able to see that a conclusion can’t be supported with itself, there must be distinct premises that are not trying to defend principles that we are emotionally sure of or have believed for so long and unquestioningly that we cannot conceive of their being false, also known as the vicious circle or vicious cycle.
The second error was snap judgments. Snap judgment is making and assumption or plan before collecting enough knowledge
Deductive reasoning is a concept focused on logical arguments. It uses arguments that conclusions’ typically follow from a premise. To draw a correct conclusion, the individual must assume the premises to be true without the use of previously learned knowledge to reason on the premises at hand. The individual will then declare a valid conclusion, which has to be logically correct, based on the truth of the premises. However, conclusions can still be incorrectly stated if a