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Northrop Frye is one of the most influential literary critics of his time, and today. Indeed, one of his most applicable articles was published in 1986, titled, “Don’t You Think It’s Time to Start Thinking?”. He uses several key points to argue that most of society does not think critically and that the skills are purposefully not being taught to keep society compliant. This article, which criticizes how students are taught to think, is still very relevant today. While some may argue that the curriculum has changed over time to incorporate more of critical thinking, that is still not the case. Frye’s article is pertinent even today, especially with the inception of the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test. Society still encourages reading …show more content…
As Frye (1986) quotes, “the vast majority of things we hear today are prejudices and clichés, simply verbal formulas that have no thought behind them but are put up as a pretence of thinking”. This is still incredibly true today. Prejudice is defined as “a negative feeling toward a group based on faulty generalization…something we think and feel” (Bergen, 154-155). With no concept of how to critically evaluate one’s prejudices, there will be no change in problematic thinking. Thus, in order to address society’s and one’s own prejudices, critical thinking must be incorporated, which can be fostered by a diverse …show more content…
The California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI) has several characteristics, including truth seeking and open mindedness (Laird). The CCTDI says that “Open mindedness incorporates one’s tolerance of different viewpoints and sensitivity to one’s own biases” (Laird, 368). “Items on the CCTDI used to measure open-mindedness include ‘It concerns me that I might have biases of which I’m not aware’” (Laird, 368). In order to address and perhaps minimize biases, exposing students to a diverse educational setting has proven to hep develop critical thinking skills needed to reflect on current prejudices. Indeed, “involvement in diversity courses…may be a curricular mechanism for students to develop the habits of mind of a critical thinker” (Laird,
The article, “Critical Thinking? You Need Knowledge” by Diane Ravitch, discusses how in the past people have been deprived from the thinking process and abstract thinking skills. Students need to be given more retainable knowledge by their teachers to improve their critical thinking skills. (Ravitch).
He too quickly dismisses the idea of reading on your own to find meaning and think critically about a book. For him, Graff states that “It was through exposure to such critical reading and discussion over a period of time that I came to catch the literary bug.” (26) While this may have worked for Graff, not all students will “experience a personal reaction” (27) through the use of critical discussion.
Arizona State University (2005), stated humans have learned to be prejudiced “through evolution as an adaptive response to protect ourselves from danger”. However, this instinct goes wrong because a majority of people are unable to see past prejudices and develop better understandings of their environments. This often results in harmful acts between different groups and would suggest that it must be controlled if not eliminated. Based on Rauch's thinking however, prejudice and its developments should not be removed from public environments like the university campus because it is necessary to have true intellectual pluralism based on unfiltered human thoughts. The question remains of whether the benefits of intellectual pluralism have to come at the cost of allowing harmful acts of prejudice to exist. In the university setting, the answer is no. So long as universities work to channel prejudice as a means of advancing knowledge the way Rauch believes it should, the negative developments of prejudice that people attempt to eradicate would be kept to a
Citizens in the Fahrenheit 451 have a difficult time with critical thinking because they have simply been taught to spit out answers and move on. The central authorities change their rules to make critical thinking a taboo: “It’s a lot of funnels and a lot of water poured down the spout and out the bottom and them telling us it’s wine when it’s not” (Bradbury 29-30). Clarisse struggles with her peer’s lack of critical thinking, and being taught things but not learning their meaning. Without training to think outside the box, students are left with training only to find stale words that are the answer, but have no meaning to them. This in turn leaves society without problem solving skills. Montag also observes Mildred’s friends’ blank minds: “So it was now, in his own parlor, with these women twisting in their chairs under his gaze, lighting cigarettes, blowing smoke, touching their sun-fired hair and examining their blazing fingernails as if they had caught fire from his look” (Bradbury 95). Montag finds the lack of thought in the women to be astonishing. They simply exist, and run through their daily routines without questioning anything. They are nearly clueless without the ability to think critically. Their society lacks depth in different opinions and invention due to their deficiency in critical thinking. Some argue that if we’re all clueless and do not question
Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing written by; Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Eighth Edition, published April, 2007 by Bedford/St. Martin’s, is a textbook about writing and critical thinking. In the first chapter of Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing, “Thinking Critically, Challenging Cultural Myths”, the Authors begin by setting a relatable scene of what it’s like for a college student. How a new found independence can be overwhelming, especially with regards to critical thinking, showing that what we have learned, needs to be re-evaluated and that an open mind in essential. "What Is Critical Thinking" In this section of the chapter the editors explain what it means to be a critical thinker. They explain that critical thinking is not just studying dates and facts, but rather taking those facts and examining them. The editors then proceed by explaining how having an open mind, and taking others' perspectives into account when formulating our own opinions on what the author is trying to say to us is important. A critical thinker takes all aspects into account and reflects on personal experience as well. The editors also point out that different cultural experiences bring different opinions. They suggest that we need to become active learners, continuously questioning the meaning behind everything, testing not only the theories of others but also our own experiences and analyzing the text rather than going for the obvious. They show that thinking outside the box is the epitome of critical thinking. Basically, we need to step outside our comfort zones and what we have always been taught. The editors also suggest that we need to re-evaluate our per...
"Prejudices, it is well known, are most difficult to eradicate from the heart whose soil has never been loosened or fertilized by education; they grow there, firm as weeds among stones."
Therefore, universities have had to implement new measures that address racial insensitivity expressed by White students. According to Chao et al. (2015), in college campuses, student of color can hear every day racism comments, therefore, to create college campuses with a healthy climate, educators and psychologists must find ways to promote justice attitudes among non-Latino White students and foster racial empathy for targets of racism (p.95). They said: “White empathy refers to White students’ expression of empathy through a deep understanding of their fellow students’ experiences, especially those of racial and ethnic minority students suffering from racism”, (p.95). Educators and counselors must work together in helping students to better understand how to appreciate differences between groups. Chao et al., underlined in their study that to be able to understand individuals’ perceptions toward diversity, researchers have proposed the concept of openness to diversity (OTD), which refers to the appreciation of similarities and differences across cultural groups (p. 96). Open to diversity (OTD) also involves students ' interest to know more and more about unfamiliar cultures without assumptions. They said that “OTD moderates the relationship between White racial identity and White Empathy”, which means that when White students have greater OTD, they may be more likely to understand how minority students experience racism and when White students are less open to diversity, they may also be less willing to consider different perspectives on racial issues (p.
The idea that people from majority groups think that they are not prejudiced is a concept known as colorblind ideology. This means that people who claim they are color-blind do not see “color” or race in any way. Many people in hiring positions or college admission claim to take on a color-blindness approach (Richeson and Nussbaum 2003). However, social psychologists would say that implementing the idea of colorblindness is not an effective approach. In order to help in eliminating prejudices actions and thoughts, people need to be aware about their thoughts and actions, even the ones in the subconscious. Adopting the color-blindness thought processes hinders from this progress being made. Especially since, much of the racism that occurs today is known as implicit racism or aversive racism. People from the dominant groups, when given notions about racism, think about it in an overt kind of manner. Overt racism is the idea that
While critical thinking can still be achieved without reading; it cannot reach its full potential on thought alone, and it certainly relies on literacy to stand. Literacy provides sources, language provides words to back up thought, and reading opens a person’s mind to new words and ideas. If someone is unable to read or chooses not to read, many facts and ideas are lost to him. Reading also helps a person organize their thoughts. Without organization a person can articulate their thoughts just not as orderly. To better illustrate this point think of this metaphor: Picture a mother and her child. The mother represents the people and language is represented by the child. The mother loves her child so much and wants to do everything she can to help her child along in life. The child grows up and, because his mother did everything in her power to better him and give him a bright future, he flourished and went on to change the world. If a society desires to erect something that can change the world, they need to do everything in their power to better their language. They need to delve deeper into books, yearn for knowledge, listen to others opinions, grow their vocabulary, and know how to establish truth. When a nation strives to better their language and give it all their love and time, that language will continually grow until it changes the
In 1954, social psychologist Gordon Allport published a book regarded as the point of divergence for modern researchers into the nature of prejudice, and it highlighted methods for mitigating prejudice in the society. Allport delineates the inclusive origins of intergroup discrimination and also series of recommendations to eliminate prejudice. Undoubtedly, for the past fifty years, Allport theories have made the most practical attempt to promote intergroup relationship. Allport defined prejudice as a social aversion based on a faulty and obstinate generalization of an individual or a group of people grounded on their social category or group membership (Allport, 1954). According to Allport (1954), prejudice and stereotyping emerged partly due to normal human thinking
In order to understand critical literacy theorist and educators have defined the concept in many different ways, consequently, some of these variations resemble to a close related concept: Critical Thinking. However, both a critical thinking and a critical literacy lesson will rely on open ended questions as part of the textual criti...
Opening your mind to critically think better said than done. In this paper you will learn how to open your mind to critical thinking in college. There will be steps and guides and example to show you it’s not as hard as it seems. I myself will be giving ideas on how you can approach the way you critically think, as well as the concepts of professional writers and there writings such as Mortimer J. Adler’s “How to Mark a Book” and Jennifer Lee’s “I Think,Therefore IM”.
In his essay Critical Thinking: What Is It Good For? (In Fact, What Is It), Howard Gabennesch explains the importance of critical thinking by drawing attention to how its absence is responsible for societies many ills including, but not limited to, the calamity in Vietnam. Yet, at the end of his essay, Gabennesch also mentions that, despite “the societal benefits of critical thinking, at the individual level, uncritical thinking offers social and psychological rewards of its own.”(14). Similarly, it is these rewards that, like the bait on a fishhook, often make individuals hesitant to engage in critical thinking despite the resulting harm to both them and society.
Left to our own vices, our natural way of thinking involves biased, uninformed, and prejudice thoughts. These methods of thinking can be costly both is monetarily and affect the quality of life. Critical thinking is an art, analyzing and evaluating thoughts with a view on improvement. As a result, critical thinking will help formulate clear and precise thoughts and raise vital questions and realistic solutions. Those who use critical thinking on a regular only refer to relevant information and use abstract ideas to interpret the information. They are well reasoned and often come to sound conclusions and bounce them off of factual criteria. They always consider the consequences when viewing their own opinions and assumptions and they are typically always able to effectively communicate with other in figuring out complex issues. In short, critical thinking is self-directed, disciplined, monitored and self-correcting. In order to have a critical mind set, a strict standard of excellence in required, it involves setting aside all pride and our natural ego and
Critical literacy plays a crucial role in critical learning to connect student to texts to enhance their thinking ability. There are several evidence that post-secondary school analyses as a proof to help students exercise their critical thinking ability . Foundational skills for academic achievement include reading, writing and mathematics. In order for students to achieve excellence in an area like mathematics, there must be a balance between understanding basic math concepts, practising skills like multiplication tables, and developing the thinking skills needed for advanced problem solving. These foundational skills remain a focus – and combined with creativity and critical thinking, innovative problem solving, effective communication and