1. Introduction Erythromycin is one of the most common used macrolide antibiotics. Over the years after Abbott introduced Erythrocin® (erythromycin stearate) into the market, several generics and new brands have been introduced – generics in the form of different drug formulations and new brands in the form of different erythromycin salts. All these derivatives have the same pharmacodynamics and mechanism of action, but differ tremendously in their pharmacokinetics. This paper will give an
Azithromycin is Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic active in vitro to treat major pathogens that cause infections of the respiratory tract, other tissues and according to Wilson, Hannon, and Shields, they are: “bacterial infections, acute bacterial sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, tonsillitis, or pharyngitis.”(2014) It is manufactured under the trade name such as Azasite, Zithromax, and Zmax. Azithromycin acts by getting in to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible microorganisms and blocked
Bronchiectasis is a chronic disease of the lungs where the airways of the lungs become abnormally widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection (Nhs.uk.2014). The extent of the disease can vary greatly- may be one section of an airway that is widened and abnormal or many airways- usually somewhere between these extremes. Widened parts of the airways are damaged and inflamed, which causes excess mucus to form which is less easily cleared. Furthermore
Introduction to Protein Synthesis In order to understand the methods in which a macrolide attacks a bacterium, it is important to understand the structure and function of the bacterial mechanism for protein synthesis. A bacterium’s DNA holds the structure of a circular double strand. Like the DNA of any other living organism, it contains the genetic coding for the bacteria. This genetic coding is crucial for the growth, development, and survival of the cell. The bacteria’s DNA contains the
such as ceftriaxone or cefuroxime and macrolide. In the single antibiotic group 21% of the participants were considered immunocompromised whereas 17% of the participants were considered immunocompromised in the dual antibiotic group. The researchers were able to conclude that the single antibiotic therapy group had increase in mortality than the dual therapy group. It was concluded that initial empiric dual therapy with Beta lactam antibiotic and a macrolide decreases mortality in immunocompromised
successful in regards to infecting individuals. The devastating illness it causes, Pertussis or Whooping Cough, remains to be a global issue today. Although this bacterium provides resistance to regular antibiotics, a special antibiotic family known as macrolides may be used as a treatment option. However, the best practice for protection against this specimen is by obtaining the recommended vaccinations. As society moves forward, the field of science continues to look for new options to make B. pertussis
Penicillins have been considered as first-line drug for odontogenic infections. Amoxycillin, a semi synthetic penicillin is the drug of choice in treating dental infections and is the most common antibiotic used by dentists . If a patient with an early stage odontogenic infection does not respond to Amoxycillin , there is a strong probability of the presence of resistant bacteria. Bacterial resistance to the penicillins is a result of the production of beta-lactamase by the bacteria. therefore
lack of appetite. The most common cause of gastroparesis is diabetes mellitus, however most patients are diagnosed with an idiopathic cause.1 The treatment of gastroparesis aims to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that improves gastric emptying through its prokinetic effects. When given orally many motilin agonists, including erythromycin, improve symptoms for several
Canine Heartworm Disease Canine Heartworm Disease is a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by the parasite Dirofilaria Immitis. The disease can infect over 30 species, including humans, however dogs are the definitive host. The most common way this disease is transmitted from one animal to the next is through mosquitoes. A mosquito carrying infective heartworm larvae bites a dog and transmits the infection to them. The larvae grow, develop, and migrate in the body over a period of
Stewart, Philip S, (2001) states that antibiotics are elements that are used to kill, or hinder the multiplication and growth of organisms. Especially, these antibiotics are meant to control fungi and bacteria. In this case, the antibiotics that are used in killing bacteria are referred to as bactericidal, and the ones that are used to prevent the multiplication process are bacteriostatic. The primary microbes for antibiotics are bacteria and fungi. These microorganisms are crucial to facilitate
Every year, antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening more and more people. As much of a problem as it is, many people are not educated on the term drug resistance. Since it is such a growing concern, it becomes confusing as to why drug resistance is occurring and what can be done to prevent it. Because drug resistance is such a health problem, determining what it is, how these bacteria can acquire the antimicrobial agents, and the possible solutions to the resistance are the types of actions
The refined ABCD grading system utilizes respiratory symptoms and exacerbations alone to assign ABCD categories. These groups are now derived only from patient symptoms and their history of exacerbation. The role of spirometry in overall management of COPD has also been updated. Airflow limitation (obstruction on spirometry) is not a component of the ABCD severity system. Spirometry remains important mainly for diagnosis, prognosis, and consideration of therapies, but NOT for severity grading systems
Pneumonia Journal Article Kellie Hale Mohave Community College NUR 122 Mrs. Port 9/8/2016 “In 2012, 1.1 million people were hospitalized in the US for treatment of pneumonia. The average hospital stay for these patients was 5.2 days. There were close to 50,000 deaths due to pneumonia and 95% of them were over the age of 65 (“Pneumonia”, 2016). Pneumonia is an serious condition and the pathogens that lead to pneumonia continue to spread throughout the hospitals and communities. Antibiotic
Antibiotics have played a major role in our society thanks to Sir Alexander Fleming's careful observations in 1928. Without it, many lives would be in danger due to infectious diseases. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms and other living systems that are capable in small concentrations of inhibiting the growth of or killing bacteria and other microorganisms. These organisms can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or animals called protozoa. A particular
Legionella pneumophila GRAPH Introduction: Legionella pneumophila are gram-negative rods. They are very difficult to culture because of their complex nutrient requirements, such as cysteine, high concentrations of iron, and the use of activated charcoal agar. They survive as intracellular pathogens of either protozoa or human macrophages. They are most often found in stagnant water reservoirs like air conditioning cooling towers, whirlpool spas, humidifiers, faucets and shower heads, and are
Antimicrobial agents are essential in healthcare today, because they are used to treat diseases and infections that has a negative impact on the human body. Without antimicrobial agents, there would be a tremendous increase in the prevalence of death related to diseases and infections. “An antimicrobial is an agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. The microbial agent may be a chemical compounds and physical agents. These agents interfere with the growth and reproduction of causative
1. Describe the mode of actions of the drugs that interfere with protein synthesis. Antimicrobial drugs that block protein synthesis react with ribosomal-mRNA complexes. These drugs are safe only because bacterial ribosomes are different in size and structure compared to human ribosomes, however, they can damage human mitochondria since they can contain ribosomes like bacterial ribosomes. 2. Name and describe the actions of the aminoglycoside subgroup. Aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum drugs
Legionnaires’ disease is an infectious disease caused most often by the bacteria Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila). The disease resembles severe pneumonia. Legionnaires’ disease is sometimes called “Legion Fever.” It was first discovered in 1976 when there was a pneumonia outbreak among people attending a convention of the American Legion in Philidelphia. In January of 1977 the bacteria was discovered as the causative agent of the outbreak. While outbreaks receive substantial media attention
for symptoms of hypoglycemia - Need to monitor her labs - This is has a fast onset so she needs to eat soon after given. 1. Hypoglycemia 2. Bruising 3. Pruritis 4. Swelling 5. Allergic reaction Erythromycin eye ointment Anti infectives Macrolides Suppresses protein synthesis at the level of the 50S bacterial ribosome Bacteriostatic action against susceptible bacteria Topical: (Adults and Children >12 yr): 2% ointment, gel, solution, or pledgets twice daily. - Half life 1.4-2 hours
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States. It was first observed in a cluster of children from Lyme, Connecticut who presented with symptoms of arthritis. The sickness is created by Borrelia burgdorferi, sensu stricto, which was initially recognized in 1982. In spite of the fact that the greater part of cases are accounted for from the northeastern, north focal, and Pacific waterfront districts of the nation, a few hundred cases every year are accounted for from the