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Medical research papers on pneumonia
Scolerly Essay Of Community Acquired Pneumonia
Scolerly Essay Of Community Acquired Pneumonia
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The purpose of this literature review is to assess and appraise research studies in the last five years, investigating the latest management of community acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised adults patients. A literature search was performed using CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, UpToDate and PubMed databases. Boolean terms included: community acquired pneumonia, pneumonia, immunocompromised, adults, management, treatments, preventions, effectiveness, antibiotics, promotion, and outcomes. For each database, advance search was used and then limitations included systematic reviews, retrospective analysis, randomized control trial studies that were published, peer reviewed, full text, year of publication between 2010-2015, and English language, were applied.
Over the years, there has been an increase in diagnosis of immunosuppressive disease in the elderly in the community. Almost one third of hospital diagnosis in patients older than 6 years of age or older is community-acquired pneumonia and it is considered the sixth leading cause of death in developed countries according to Sousa, Justo, Dominguex, Manzur, Izquierdo, et al., 2012. In a prospective, observational study done in five public hospitals, where patients were diagnosed with CAP after seen in the emergency room three hundred and twenty cases were studied. Of those cases one hundred and fifteen occurred in immunocompromised patients. At all five hospitals, all patients had basic laboratory work completed such as basic metabolic panel, complete blood count, arterial blood gas, and a chest x-ray. However, after the initial laboratory tests, the administration of empirical antibiotics therapy based according to each hospital guidelines and poli...
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...of initial dual antibiotic therapy compared with single antibiotic therapy on mortality. Both groups of treatment received the first dose of antibiotic therapy within eight hours of admission. In the single antibiotic therapy group, patient received cefuroxime and for the dual antibiotic therapy group patients either received a Beta-lactam such as ceftriaxone or cefuroxime and macrolide. In the single antibiotic group 21% of the participants were considered immunocompromised whereas 17% of the participants were considered immunocompromised in the dual antibiotic group. The researchers were able to conclude that the single antibiotic therapy group had increase in mortality than the dual therapy group. It was concluded that initial empiric dual therapy with Beta lactam antibiotic and a macrolide decreases mortality in immunocompromised patients diagnosed with CAP.
Antimicrobial therapy is the cornerstone sepsis treatment, and the therapeutic goal should be centered around administration of effective IV antibiotics within 60 minutes of septic shock or severe sepsis (without shock) recognition. The initial antimicrobial therapy should be empiric and focused on having activity against all expected pathogens (bacterial, fungal, viral), based on each individual patient situation. Daily reassessment of antimicrobial therapy should be performed, with de escalation in mind; procalcitonin levels can be of use to direct discontinuation in patients with no evidence of infection following initial septic
Sequeiros, IM, Jarad, NA. 2009. Home intravenous antibiotic treatment for acute pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis-Is it good for the patient?. Annals of Thoracic Medicine 4(3), pp. 111-114.
Introduction BiPAP is a form of noninvasive mechanical ventilation used in patients with acute respiratory failure. Many of these patients go on noninvasive ventilation due to COPD exacerbations that are infectious, with congestive heart failure, and ventilator parameters based on their clinical assessment and changes in arterial blood gases. Two different studies were conducted on COPD patients, using a BiPAP machine to improve exacerbations and their activities of daily living. There are many positive outcomes for using these noninvasive ventilators, however when used incorrectly, negative outcomes or no changes at all are always possible. Positive Use for COPD Exacerbations
In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.
However, increasing antibiotic resistance patterns among intensive care unit pathogens, cultivated by empiric-broad spectrum antibiotic regimens, characterizes the variable concerns. Recent literature point that antibiotic use before the development of VAP is associated with increased risk for potentially resistant gran-negative infections and Methcillin-resistant Staphylococcus auereus (MRSA)
The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was used to find peer-reviewed articles, using query terms such as: aspiration pneumonia, ventilator, and prevention. In addition, the TWUniversal search engine was utilized to find peer-reviewed articles, with the key words: aspiration pneumonia, ventilator, and enteral.
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
...mple. This test confirms the presence of infection and suggests which antibiotics may be used to treat infection effectively.
Research by Hotchkiss, Monneret, & Payen’s (2013) has revealed that sepsis is an immunosuppressive disorder, therefore patients can benefit from immunostimulatory therapies used to treat those who have lowered immune systems. Accordingly, focusing on boosting the immune system has been shown to decrease mortality in patients (Hotchkiss et al. 2013). Hotchkiss et al. (2013) announces that while these statistics are encouraging, the mortality rate is still considered high and further research and techniques are needed in order to continue the downward trend. Hotchkiss et al. (2013) states that it is unclear why some patients survive sepsis and others do not recover. Until the true cause of death in sepsis is understood, the best course of action is prevention, early detection, and immune system support.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(3), 438-443. Doi:10.1086/600391. See full address and map. Medicare.gov/Hospital Compare - The Official U.S. Government Site for Medicare (n.d).
Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) are preventable and pose a threat to hospitals and patients; increasing the cost, nominally and physically, for both. Pneumonia makes up approximately 15% of all HAI and is the leading cause of nosocomial deaths. Pneumonia is most frequently caused by bacterial microorganisms reaching the lungs by way of aspiration, inhalation or the hematogenous spread of a primary infection. There are two categories of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP); Health-Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) and Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response caused by an infective process such as viral, bacterial or fungal (Holling, 2011). Assessment on a patient and starting treatment for sepsis is based on identifying several factors including the infective source, antibiotic administration and fluid replacement (Bailey, 2013). Because time is critical any delay in identifying patients with sepsis will have a negatively affect the patients’ outcome. Many studies have concluded every hour in delay of treatment mortality is increased by 7% (Bailey, 2013). Within this assignment I will briefly discuss the previous practice and the recent practice including the study based on sepsis. I will show what enabled practice to change and I will use the two comparisons of current practice and best practice.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive and fast-growing bacteria which inhabit upper respiratory tract in humans. Moreover, it is an aerotolerant anaerobe and usually causes respiratory diseases including pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, peritonitis, paranasal sinusitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis (Todar, 2003). According to Tettelin et al., more than 3 million of children die from meningitis or pneumonia worldwide (2001). S.pneumoniae has an enzyme known as autolysin that is responsible for disintegration and disruption of epithelial cells. Furthermore, S.pneumoniae has many essential virulence factors like capsule which is made up of polysaccharides that avoids complement C3b opsonization of cells by phagocytes. Many vaccines contain different capsular antigens which were isolated from various strains (Todar, 2003). There are plenty of S.pneumoniae strains that developed resistance to most popular antibiotics like macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and penicillin since 1990 (Tettelin et al., 2001). Antibiotic resistance was developed by the gene mutation and selection processes that, as a consequence, lead to the formation of penicillin-binding proteins, etc. (Todar, 2003).
...s and measurement to decrease healthcare- associated infections. American Journal Of Infection Control, pp. S19-S25. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.008.
Pneumonia can also become a hospital acquired infection. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a type of lung infection that occurs in a person who has been on a ventilator.... ... middle of paper ... ...