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Bordetella pertussis bacteria
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Bordetella pertussis is an aerobic, Gram-negative, coccobacillus bacterium. It is non-spore forming and non-motile, usually containing a capsule. Its preferred temperature to grow is in the range of 35-37C. Under the microscope, it is identified by its rod like cell shape, as well as its short, oval size. During a blood agar culture test for this particular bacteria, the specimen tends to take 3 to 6 days to form a pinpoint sized colony. B. pertussis appears to only affect the human species, therefore identifying humans as its only host and reservoir. It has multiple virulence factors that allow it to be an aggressive pathogen.
B. pertussis has several virulence factors, mainly involving proteins that have been separated into 2 main classifications: adhesions and toxins. The adhesions category consists of the following: filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae (FIM), and pertactin (PRN). FHA is a very large surface protein, and it works to help B. pertussis attach to the host cell. FIM are surface appendages, a common finding in other bacteria. However, these appendages contain a factor called agglutinogens, which is used to serotype this bacteria.1 PRN has shown to take on a defense role, fighting any neutrophils that may come to the rescue. As stated above, the other classification of B. pertussis virulence factors is toxins, and it composed of adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), pertussis toxin (PT), and tracheal cytotoxin (TC). ACT is actually quite an important virulence factor for this bacteria. It functions by injecting itself into the host cell, where it increases cAMP rates. This causes phagocyte function to cease, and may trigger apoptosis in selected cells.1 The exact role of PT is not yet fully understood, but it has come...
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...es of Pertussis each year4; this number has drastically decreased since vaccinations against this illness were implemented into the health care system.
As science has proven to show, B. pertussis is a stealthy and relentless bacterium. Using only the human species as its reservoir and host choice, its various virulence factors allow it to be successful in regards to infecting individuals. The devastating illness it causes, Pertussis or Whooping Cough, remains to be a global issue today. Although this bacterium provides resistance to regular antibiotics, a special antibiotic family known as macrolides may be used as a treatment option. However, the best practice for protection against this specimen is by obtaining the recommended vaccinations. As society moves forward, the field of science continues to look for new options to make B. pertussis an issue of the past.
The Gram positive bacteria has been nicknamed Posi. The Gram positive species’ morphology includes having an opaque opacity with a smooth margin. The moisture content of the Gram positive species is shiny and the pigmentation is gold. The Gram positive species grows at an optimal temperature of 37°C. The shape of the Gram positive species is a cocci, with an arrangement of grapelike clusters. The Gram positive species’ size ranges from .5-1.5 µm. Oxygen requirement of the Gram positive species is facultative, and has complete lysis of red blood cells. All results are summarized in Table
S. pyogenes is a bacterium that permeates our society. Today it is commonly known as the cause of “Strep. throat,” or Streptococcal pharyngitis. Modern medicine has caused the eradication of most of its advanced infections, while this most common form of infection still thrives. It is very contagious, and pyogenes travels quickly through places where bacteria flourish, such as schools and health institutions. The body cannot fight this bacterium very well without help, and S. pyogenes was a common cause of death until the introduction of antibiotics in the twentieth century. It has a number of ways to subdue the immune system, but it is almost completely vulnerable to penicillin, even after decades of exposure. While generally no more than a nuisance, this bacterium continues to be an interesting topic of discussion. (6,3,2)
Bordetella pertussis is a highly communicable agent and is transmitted person-to-person via airborne droplets or direct contact with discharges from the respiratory mucous membranes of an infected person. This small, gram-negative coccobacillus is non-motile, aerobic and fastidious. B. pertussis colonizes the respiratory tract including the mouth, nose, throat and beginning of the lungs of young children worldwide. The bacteria bind to ciliated cells in the respiratory mucosa by producing adhesions. Filamentous hemagglutinin on the cell surface and pertussis toxin (Ptx) both help the bacteria in binding. Filamentous hemagglutinin binds to the galactose residues on the glycolipid of the ciliated cells. Ptx, in its cell-bound form, binds to the glycolipid lactosylceramide, which is also found on the ciliated cells. Ptx binds to the surface of phagocytes as well, causing phagocytosis of the bacteria. This mechanism may lead to enhanced survival as an intracellular parasite. Adding to its many purposes, Ptx deregulates the host cell adenylate cyclase activity. The A subunit of this AB toxin, affects the G protein responsible for inhibiting adenylate cyclase. This leads to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) creating detrimental metabolic changes in the host cells.
Mielcarek N, Debrie AS, Raze D et al (2006) Attenuated Bordetella pertussis: new live vaccines for intranasal immunisation. Vac- cine 24 (Suppl 2):54–55
Trabelsi, H., Dendana, F., Sellami, A., Sellami, H., Cheikhrouhou, F., Neji, S., … Ayadi, A. (2012). Pathogenic
This pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a gram-positive coccus that is long shaped and usually seen in groups of pairs (Todar, 2008-2012). This pathogen ranges from o.5-1.25 micrometers, which is pretty small in size (Todar, 2008-2012). It “lacks catalase and ferments glucose into lactic acid” (Todar, 2008-2012). To grow this bacterium in the lab the best way to do it would be to grow it on a blood agar at 37 degrees Celsius and produces a green zone arou...
The effectiveness of vaccinations continues to be proven (Malone and Hinaman n.d.). For example, after development of the measles vaccine and the implementation of the vaccination program, the number of reported measles cases declined from 57,345 in 1977 to 2587 in 1984( CDC 2010 ). However, even though vaccinations have been proven safe and effective; there are still risks as well as the implication that not every person who is vaccinated will obtain immunity. That being said, serious damage from vaccination is a rare occurrence (Malone and Hinaman). A Glanz study (2013) from the Vaccin...
The article’s information is presented with the goal of informing a reader on vaccines. The evidence is statistical and unbiased, showing data on both side effects and disease prevention, providing rates of death and serious illness from both sides. This evidence is sourced from a variety of medical organizations and seems reliable, logical, and easily understood, no language that would inspire an emotional response is used. The validity of studies is not mentioned in the article, but it does encourage readers to investigate further to help make a decision. The article allows a reader to analyze the presented evidence and come to their own
Pertussis, until 5 days of appropriate antibiotic treatment (currently; erythromycin) to prevent an infection have been completed and a licensed physician states in writing the child may return;
Some strains of this microorganism produce C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a group of toxins that cause a variety of adverse effects in the host. Strains of C. perfringens are classified as 5 biotypes, A – E, depending on the production of four major enterotoxins (α, β, ε and ι). In addition, strains of C. perfringens may also produce a number of other toxins including neuraminidase, hyaluronidase, and collagenase. For example, α-toxin, produced by C. perfringens type A, is primarily responsible for the production of gas gangrene. However, only roughly 5% of C. perfringens carry the CPE gene that codes for the production of these toxins. CPE is inactivated at 74oC.
Vaccines have been used to prevent diseases for centuries, and have saved countless lives of children and adults. The smallpox vaccine was invented as early as 1796, and since then the use of vaccines has continued to protect us from countless life threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and pertussis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) assures that vaccines are extensively tested by scientist to make sure they are effective and safe, and must receive the approval of the Food and Drug Administration before being used. “Perhaps the greatest success story in public health is the reduction of infectious diseases due to the use of vaccines” (CDC, 2010). Routine immunization has eliminated smallpox from the globe and led to the near removal of wild polio virus. Vaccines have reduced some preventable infectious diseases to an all-time low, and now few people experience the devastating effects of measles, pertussis, and other illnesses.
Pathogens are a type of microorganism that spreads viral and bacterial diseases. These diseases when present in human blood and body fluids are known as blood borne pathogens, and can spread from one person to another. (Worcester polytechnic institute) The most serious types of blood borne diseases are the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which can cause liver damage; and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which is responsible for causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). The blood borne pathogens can be spread when the blood or body fluids (semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, and amniotic fluid) of an infected individual comes into contact with mucous membranes or an open sore or cut on the skin of another person. Mucus membranes are located in the eyes, nose, mouth, and other areas as well. ("Bloodborne pathogens: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia") Two of the most common ways that pathogens are transmitted is through the exchange of fluids during sexual intercourse or by sharing infected IV needles. (Worcester polytechnic institute)
...hemselves, then there would be no high at risk group at all. Pertussis is something that could easily be eradicated if information was readily available for parents to be.
Klesbiella pneumonia is omnipresent in nature meaning it has two common habitats, one being the environment, where they are found in water, sewage, soil and on plants and the other being the mucosal surfaces of mammals such as humans, horses, or pigs, where they colonize. [2] In humans, however Klebsiella is present in the nasopharynx and in the intestinal tract where it resides living off of growing and decaying matter. [2]. The detection rate of Klebsiella bacteria in stool samples ranges from 5 to 38%, while rates in the nasopharynx can range from 1 to 6%.[8][9] Because gram-negative bacteria growth conditions are limited on the human skin Klebsiella are rarely found there and are considered as transient members of the human flora.[1] These carrier rates change drastically in the hospital environment, where colonization rates increase in direct
Each day researchers are finding out about vaccines and are realizing that there are a lot more risks than benefits. Dr Phillip F. Incao explains: “Today, far more children suffer from allergies and other chronic immune system disorders than from life-threatening infectious disease. It is neither reasonable nor prudent to persist in presuming that the benefits of any vaccination outweigh its risk” (qtd in Spaker). While infectious diseases are becoming uncommon there is no need for any person to get vaccinated. There have been many issues surrounding vaccinations all around the world.