authority entrusted to twenty-one trustees. The charter signed by the king was to give England’s worthy poor a new life, enhance the wealth of England by cultivating and producing raw goods to be sent back to England for profit, and to make Georgia a buffer colony to protect South Carolina against the Spanish, Indian enemies, and others that were not allies of the English (Doc D). In 1733, under the command of General James Oglethorpe, roughly one hundred and fourteen settlers landed in the town of Savannah
acid cycle) and involves the catalyses the oxidation of succinate, this means there is a loss of 2 hydrogen atoms. The aims of this experiment are to use 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP) as a hydrogen acceptor. When DPIP is blue it is in a oxidised state, but when it accepts 2 hydrogen atoms it will become colourless, the disappearing of colour indicates that a reaction is occurring. After the colour is gone we use the time taken to work out the rate of the reaction. in this experiment we will
Educational Encyclopaedia, 2000) Enzymes increase the rate of exergonic reactions by decreasing the activation energy of the reaction. Exergonic reactions are those in which the free energy of the concluding state is lower than the free energy of the opening state. These reactions take place unexpectedly. However, the rate of an unexpected reaction may not be very great. This is because an energy hurdle must first be defeated. This hurdle is called the activation
Acid-Base balance is the state of equilibrium between proton donors and proton acceptors in the buffering system of the blood that is maintained at approximately pH 7.35 to 7.45 under normal conditions in arterial blood. It is important to regulate chemical balance or homeostasis of body fluids. Acidity or alkalinity has to be regulated. An acid is a substance that lets out hydrogen ions in solution. Strong acid like hydrochloric acid release all or nearly all their hydrogen ions and weak acids
A buffer is a weak substance that minimizes changes in the pH of a solution with the addition of mall quantities of acid or base. Buffers typically consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base. Buffers play a critical role in biological processes. Because a buffer is a weak acid, it is only partially ionized and in a state of equilibrium. When an acid is added to a buffer, the buffer will minimize the decrease in pH by neutralizing the acid; the conjugate base will react with the proton released
solution mixture is added drop-wise into a Vitamin C solution. Continuous stirring is required. The conditions like low temperature and moisture content can be achieved. The organic solvent is then evaporated and by maintaining pH at 7.4 of the phosphate buffer solution (PBS), the solvent traces are removed. The Liposome dispersion is then stored under vacuum overnight. The liposome size can be downsized by sonication. Liposome characterisation i.e. size and surface structure can be observed using cryo-transmission
Buffer Solutions Preparation and testing the properties of buffer solutions 1. To prepare two buffer solutions of pH values of 5.2 and 8.8 2. To check the pH and buffer action of the prepared buffers 3. To examine the effect of dilution of the prepared buffers on their pH and buffering capacity Introduction ------------ A buffer is a physical area or object protecting something. A chemical "buffer" is a mixture of two compounds that protects the pH of a solution from undergoing
3) LITERATURE REVIEW Aceclofenac • Aceclofenac is official in IP & BP but not official in USP. • Official methods: Sr. No. Title Description Ref. No. 1. Estimation of Aceclofenac and re-leated substances. (IP 2010) • Liquid chromatographic sys-tem: • Column: a stainless steel col-umn 25 cm x 4.6 mm packed with spherical end-capped octadecylsilane bonded to porous silica (5µm), with a pore size of 10 µm and carbon loading of 19 per cent • Mobile phase: A. a 0.112 per cent w/v
Immunosensors make use of antigen-antibody interactions [1, 2] to detect a wide range of analytes which are of great interest in medical diagnostics, environmental analysis, and forensic medicine [3, 4], including pathogens [5], drugs [6], bacteria [7], toxins [8], and biomarkers [9]. Overall, immunosensors employ the same chemical approach of earliest immunoassays, but offer quicker and simpler analytical procedures that may be conducted at the point-of-care [10]. Immunosensors use an antibody immobilized
Aluminum induces cross‑resistance of potato to Phytophthora Infestans This article is about an experiment done to try to see if Aluminum can cause resistance in potatoes to a disease. Aluminum is commonly found in arid soils which accounts for 35% of all farmable on earth. The aluminum (specifically Al3+) targets the roots of the plants and causes stunted plant growth and abnormal root formation. THis causes stresses in the plant which could lead to cross resistance. This immunity has led to some
which can make the mixture lose it’s ability the catalyze reaction. This experiment is designed to investigate and compare, how the enzyme catecholase from potato extract reacts and shows different absorbency when mixed with catechol, and different pH buffer to when it just has the catecholse present in it. If our hypothesis is supported, then the tubes with the darkest color will have more absorbency. Background information about terms used in the experiment. Enzymes are macromolecules that helps speed
INTRODUCTION We encounter acids and bases on our daily lives. Acids are substances that have a pH of less than 7. On the other hand, bases have pH of greater than 7. They both react to each other to form salt. Acids and bases also exhibit some characteristics like acids are sour and bases are bitter in taste. Acids are also rough in texture while bases are slippery. But you can’t just touch or taste acids and bases as some strong acids and strong bases are dangerous. They contain chemicals that are
Isolation and Characterization of Eugenol from Cloves Jean Theresse Perez Human Biology 22 De La Salle University-Dasmariñas Dasmariñas City, Cavite, Philippines ABSTRACT Eugenol was extracted from cloves through the process called steam distillation. A total of 50ml of distillate were collected with temperature monitoring for every 5.0ml of collected liquid. The distillation curve showed that the temperature of volatilization of eugenol is from 98°C to 99°C which is way below its boiling point
Abstract Diffusion and osmosis in living cells are greatly effected by factors such as solution concentration, temperature, and surface area of the cell. This was studied using agar cubes of different sizes, dialysis tubing, and potato cores to demonstrate how the different factors affect cells. The process of cellular respiration can be altered due to temperature differences. Enzymes also greatly affect the molecular processes that occur. Enzymes are denatured at variety of pH and causes inactivity
investigate how PH affects the ability of raw meat to absorb water. · Independent Variable The independent variable for this experiment is the PH of the solution the steak is marinated in. I will achieve a range of different PH values by using buffers set at PH 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. I predict that there will be an optimum PH where the steak will absorb the most water. The amount of water absorbed by the raw meat will increase as you increase the PH up to the optimum and then decrease the PH as the PH
Introduction Lanthanum (La) is a member of the rare earth elements (REEs), which consist of a group of 15 trivalent metallic elements with similar properties. Lanthanum is mostly dangerous in the working environment, due to the fact that damps and gasses can be inhaled with air. This can cause lung embolism, especially during long-term exposure. Lanthanum can also cause cancer with humans, as it enlarges the chances of lung cancer when it is inhaled. Finally, it can be a threat to the liver when
ABSTRACT The diffusion rates of potassium permanganate, KMnO4 (MW: 158 g/mole), potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 (MW: 294 g/mole), and methylene blue (MW: 379 g/mole) were compared and observed on an agar-water gel. An amount of each of the three substances was dropped on the wells of the gel. The diffusion rates were recorded by measuring the diameters of the substances at a regular three-minute interval for thirty minutes. Potassium permanganate had the biggest diameter after 30 minutes. Methylene
This pH homeostasis lab is used to show how acids and bases react when submerged into different solutions - water, a homogenate, and a buffer. A homogenate is blended up water and the cell tissue. They are used to show how much pH the cells have when adding an acid or base to it. A buffer is a solution that doesn’t change it’s pH level, even when acid or base is added to it. They are important to help all living things maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the internal chemical balance that occurs
adjusted at 37°C and the speed of paddles was constant at 50rpm.After that, each vessel of the dissolution apparatus was full with 1 liter of phosphate buffer. Subsequently, each tablet was placed into its individual vessel. The test was performed over 8 hours with extracting 10mL of each sample and replaced with the same amount of the phosphate buffer which was at the same temperature over the 8 hours as the following: half an hour, one hour, two hours, three hours, four hours, five hours, six hours
Effects of Modifying Concentration, pH , and Boiling on Activity of Peroxidase Abstract An enzyme is a catalysis and catalysis s substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself going through a permanent chemical change. In this lab we will discover exactly how the substrate connects with the active site. The main substance we use throughout this lab is peroxidase a eukaryotic organelle from plant tissues. Once there is a color change we test that using a spectrophotometer