The transtheoretical model of behavioural change was developed in the late 1970’s by Prochaska and DiClemente states Boston University School of Public Health (2013). The transtheoretical model of behavioural change is based on making intentional changes to one’s behaviour in order to promote their health and well being whilst recognising that this can take time as bad habits are often hard to correct (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013). Further Boston University School of Public Health (2013) explains that the transtheoretical model can be broken down into six stages of individual behavioural change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination (note: termination was not part of the original …show more content…
model and is not frequently applied in health related behavioural change). Each of these stages can be broken down. Boston University School of Public Health (2013) argues that in the precontemplation stage the individual does not see themselves taking action to correct their habits within the foreseeable future (within the next six months).
This can often be because the individual is unaware that their current behaviour is going to cause detriment to their health (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013). The pros of behavioural change can often be miscalculated and individuals in this stage can often stress too much over the cons to behavioural change (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013). The second stage of the model is contemplation. In this stage the individual is intending on starting to adjust their behaviours to healthy ones within the next 6 months (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013). He or she has now recognised that their behaviour is causing negative effects on their health and is now placing equal weight on the pros and cons of behavioural change. In this stage the individual may still feel hesitant to change their behaviour explains Boston University School of Public Health (2013). Boston University School of Public Health (2013) continues by stating that preparation is the third stage of the transtheoretical model, where the individual is ready to make behavioural changes in the next 30
days. In this stage the individual will start to alter some of their behaviours in order to achieve a healthy lifestyle (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013). The fourth stage is Action, the individual has taken action in changing their behaviour and intend on continuing with that change (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013). Once the individual has taken action, they then move on to the maintenance stage, whereby the individual has persisted with their behavioural change for a period of more than 6 months and intend on maintaining that change in the future. The final stage of the model is termination; the individual has no wish to return to their previous behaviour and are positive that they will not go back to their old ways; however this stage is not often considered in health promotion (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013). This health promotion model can be implemented with Mr A in the scenario world.
The term ‘stress’ was generally thought to have been a concept created by Robert Hooke in the 17th century. He worked on the design of physical structures, such as bridges; his concept of stress came from how much pressure a structure could withstand. However, Lazarus (1993) pointed out that the term ‘stress’ has been used as far back as the 14th century, when it meant hardship or adversity. Back then it referred to the external stressor, such as the death of a spouse or financial worry; in the 20th century, there are many different schools of thought on this area. Hans Selye (1956), brought together the work of Cannon and Bernard and devised a comprehensive system of physiological stress; which he termed the ‘General Adaptation Syndrome’, and is a 3-stage process. He theorised that a certain level of stress called ‘eustress’ (Cox, 1978) could actually be beneficial to our overall performance. Later In 1976, Cox & Mackay devised another model called the ‘Transactional model’. This model takes into account the individual differences in the perception of the amount of stress experienced by the person. The main difference between these two models is that Selye’s model only accounts for the physiological side of stress, whereas Cox’s model takes into account both the physiological and psychological aspects of stress. Therefore, both models will have slight similarities and differences in their explanation for how stress occurs in individuals, which is the main focus of this essay.
One target behavior needing change is to recognize symptoms of diseases and to get regular check-ups. These two were chosen as one behavior change because they both go hand in hand in preventing diseases. For example, by physically examining myself and by determining if something is wrong by what I know I could seriously limit my chances of illness by scheduling an appointment with my doctor. By communicating this information with my doctor we can come up with a diagnosis together by evaluating all the signs and symptoms. Doing both of these behaviors is essential for a healthy disease free body because even though doctors know how to cure and diagnose diseases no one still knows their bodies better then the patient. For example, doctors may diagnose someone with diabetes due to the physical signs they can see, such as ketone body urination; However, because doctors cannot read the patients mind it is possible that the diagnosis is incorrect. One possible scenario could be that the patient drank a lot last night and so they still experiencing splitting headaches and dehydration. Ketone body urination is a sign doctors can see through a urinalysis but the headache is not and so therefore it's considered a symptom because only a patient can determine the headache as being truth. That being said communicating all this information to the doctor could accurately lead them to diagnosing and treating you for alcoholic ketoacidosis instead of diabetes. So therefore if I understand the symptoms of diseases and then schedule an appointment to communicate with my doctor and get examined then I can become as healthy and as well as possible by limiting my chances of physical harm.
This section discusses health psychology and behavioral medicine, making positive life changes, resources for effective life change, controlling stress, behaving, and your good life. Health psychology emphasizes psychology’s role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness. It reflects the belief that lifestyle choices, behaviors, and psychological characteristics can play important roles in health. The mind is responsible for much of what happens in the body, it is not the only factor, the body may influence the mind as well. Making positive life changes include health behaviors- practices that have an impact on physical well being. The stages of change model describes the process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles. The model has five stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation/ determination, action/ willpower, and
My Negative eating habits and recent medical troubles are what prompted me to choose a healthier diet as my behavior Change Projects. I recently went to the doctor and I was informed of my high triglyceride levels and I was put on medication. In addition, I am vitamin D and B deficient. After, visiting my doctor I knew I had to make a change in my life. In the Past year I have gained a little over ten pounds. So not only is this project helping me improve my diet, but has also given me a new incentive to lose those extra pounds.
John, a 15 year old male, is an 8th grade student attending a local middle school. John is a transfer student from another state and he been placed into an inclusion classroom because he has been identified as a student with a disability and requires an IEP. Lately, John has been verbally and physically disruptive during math class. Some of the disruptive behaviors John often exhibit in the classroom include making loud noises and jokes during instruction, calling his peers names, physically touching his peers, and grabbing group materials. John’s teacher collected data and learned that his verbal disruptive behavior occurs 4-8 times during each sixty minute class meeting, and his physical group disruptions occur 75% of the time he works with a group. After meeting with John’s other teachers, his math teacher learned that his disruptive behavior is only present during math class. According to John’s math test scores on his IEP, his math instructor also learned that math is a challenging subject for John and he is significantly below grade level. Both John’s math teacher and his IEP team reached an agreement that they would like to decrease the number of times John disrupts instruction and eventually eliminate the disruptive behavior. The replacement behavior for John is to remain focused and on task during math instruction and assigned activities without triggering any disruptions (i.e., distracting loud noises or jokes causing the class to go into a laughing uproar, physical contact with peers, name calling, or grabbing his peers’ materials). Instead of John being punished for his disruptive behavior, the replacement behavior would allow him to remain in math class, and he will also be able to receive posit...
A of his current state of health and lifestyle behaviours (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise, 2004). For example, the model explores 6 behavioural stages; pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenance and termination. These stages focus on the individual’s experience, behavioural changes and processes as opposed to an event which has determined a behaviour change. Evidently, the transtheoretical model determines that Mr. A is at the pre-contemplation stage (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Due to Mr. A experiencing this stage, he is not planning change to his current lifestyle choices. Although Mr. A is not planning changes in the foreseeable future, the transtheoretical model in conjunction with an education campaign can inform Mr. A about different behavioural stages that he may experience. However, understanding this behaviour change model of health cannot determine why Mr. A’s his current lifestyle and behaviour (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Fortunately, inclusion of maslow’s hierarchy of needs psychology theory (Donovan, Egger, Spark, 2005) used in conjunction with the transtheoretical model of health, can identify barriers that are stopping Mr A from actively using information from health education campaigns to change his behaviour (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise,
We discussed methods/ and or techniques that allows organization to learn how to effectively use these stages of Transtheoretical Model of Change and how it relates to change. “This model emphasizes the decision making of the individual and has been applied to a wide variety of problem behaviors including alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, and overeating. The Transtheoretical Model of Change describes change as a process—rather than a single event— that involves progress through a series of stages. The primary organizational constructs of the Transtheoretical Model of Change are the Stages of Change and the Processes of Change.” Tomlin, K., Walker, R. D., Grover, J., Arquette, W. & Stewart, P. (2005). Also, figuring out solutions but using this method of approach to help change the behavior by overcoming their lack of motivation. How will we overcome it? By using the motivational interviewing approach/ and or stages to help guide organizations through
Most people have an aspiration to get rid of a certain unhealthy behaviour or to employ a new health behaviour that would benefit their wellbeing. Some examples include a wish to stop smoking, eating a balanced diet or getting rid of a sedentary lifestyle. Many psychologists have been trying to find a model that would help people fight these kinds of unwanted health behaviours. One of such is the Transtheoretical model of behavioural change (TTM) which will be the main focus of this essay. Specifically, how one’s sedentary lifestyle can be changed by bringing out a systematic exercising routine using TTM.
The first stage of change is precontemplation. During precontemplation an individual is not ready to and resistant to change. Another important
I chose the transtheoretical model as my theory to help my behavior change. Transtheoretical theory was originally developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1984 to help explain smoking cessations. It has been modified over the years to show that behavior changes are ...
Rosen, C. S. (2000). Is the sequencing of change processes by stage consistent across health problems? A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 19(6), 593-604.
The health behavior theories are designed to understand habits of human actions in which enable health professionals to focus on assessing means to promote positive behavioral changes (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2015). The ability to understand certain factors in human behavior, such as how they think, where they live, what they need, and why people do what they do are all the necessary information to consider when desiring to improve behavior health. The absence of behavior theories across intervention studies will not be able to explain many of the actions of people, which will defer ceasing an epidemic of diseases like HIV. Therefore, Health Belief Model (HBM) and Transtheoretical Model (TTM) are constructed to address health behavioral changes and the level
Health psychology focuses on the well being of a person’s physical health. “Health psychology reflects the belief that lifestyle choices, behaviors, and psychological characteristics can play important roles in health (Hwang, Moser, & Dracup, 2014; Oh and Taylor, 2014)” as found in (King, 2016 p. 508.). I want to eat healthy and become physically active. “The stages of change model describes the process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles” (King, 2016 p. 510.). The five stages are precontemplation, contemplation, preparation/determination, action/willpower, and maintenance. I think those things can help you accomplish many things. My mom has been smoking since she was eleven and I think these five steps can help her quit. My sister has high blood pressure and complains if being overweight. The purpose of this paper is to explain how health psychology can help my family and I become healthy and active.
Using the transtheoretical model, Tammy is at the second stage, which is the contemplation to preparation stage. Tammy has been physically active throughout her life by playing softball. In the contemplation to preparation stage the individual wants information to sign up, has interest, and are planning to set goals. In this scenario, Tammy has come to the professional to begin an exercise program. It is also noted that Tammy is interested because she recently read an article about the benefits of resistance training in late life. Also, her friends at the facility has said good things about the program.
“Behavior theory consists of ideas about how human actions and emotions develop, are sustained, and are extinguished through principles of learning” (Walsh, 2010). Positive and negative reinforcement is used to help manipulate the behaviors of the individual. The theory has been used to help eliminate unwanted behaviors. In addition, behavior theory has been use primarily with children, and persons with developmental disabilities. According to Walsh (2010) behavior theory evolved in the 1960s from a field of philosophy to the field of science. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, which plays a major role in behavioral theory. Classical conditioning is the process of learning through ones surroundings, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli and response. B. F. Skinner discovered operant conditioning the process of learning to influence the future responses to the environment (Clark, 2004). The two concepts has been used throughout the behavior theory to help assist clients with unacceptable behaviors that is occurring. The combination of the two concepts has been a very helpful aspect to the behavior theory. Both concepts offer a different approach or solution to the behavior of the client.