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Essay on Atoms
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Order Disorder In the scientific world, every matter we know is composed of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are the basic structural components involved in the irreversible cycle of the cosmos shifting from order to disorder. In view of the fact, the concept of entropy can be used to demonstrate the intrinsic relationship between the universe and our environment. Allowing humans to have a better grasp of the underlying variations that occur moment by moment in our surroundings. Scientist like Nicola Sadi Carnot, Rudolf Clausius and Ludwig Boltzmann, contributed with their insight, about the origination of this natural process by analyzing the innate process of heat and motion. Consequently, creating a set of rules that assisted in the description …show more content…
Around 1712, humans began developing steam engines to manipulate the production of energy to a greater scale. During those times, we didn’t know the exact details behind heat and motion; but still, we could make it function and work. Fortunately, after the steam engine became popular, many engineers began searching for answers about the basics of heat and motion, in order to understand this multifaceted mystery. Nicolas Sadi Carnot, a French military engineer in the early 1800’s was one of the first connoisseurs of the secrecies of heat and motion, and its vital presence in the environment. “It causes the agitations of the atmosphere, the ascension of clouds, the fall of rain and of meteors, the currents of water which channel the surface of the globe…” (Reflections on the Motive Power Of Heat, N.-L.-S Carnot, Page 38). His reflections portrayed that heat was a key player in the natural order of life, and that it triggered a chain reaction on its surroundings. In fact, the examination of heat in specific was a crucial step we had to take in order to understand how the universe operated. Mr. Carnot knew intrinsically, that energy could be produced by the flow of heat …show more content…
Even though, there are higher heat temperatures surrounding the ice, its temperature doesn’t change in a solid state. Rudolf Clausius, a German physicist and mathematician, born in 1822, would further develop Mr. Carnot theory of heat and motion. He introduced strict principles of the second law of thermodynamics, which explains that the internal state of a system, in this case the ice cube, and the external state, the water, will eventually reach equilibrium. “Every force tends to give motion to the body on which it acts; but it may be prevented from doing so by other opposing forces, so that equilibrium results, and the body remains at rest.” (Hmolpedia Rudolf Clausius, Website). In other words, is that equilibrium is a direct result of the forces of motion acting on each of the bodies. Therefore, even if the ice is not subjected to melting temperatures, because of heat motion, equilibrium will eventually happen. Moreover, with this perception in mind, Mr. Clausius also expanded on thermodynamics and indicated due to constant disarray of elements; entropy is the ideal state that the universe will eventually reach. In short, he states that all natural events happening around us are contributing to a universal chaos. Subsequently, Rudolf Clausius supported the idea that the universe also acted as a whole and all the events happenings after
Directions: Read the essay entitled The Scientific Revolution: The Disenchanting of the Universe and respond to each of the following questions as thoroughly as possible. Your answers can be either hand-written (in ink) or word-processed. However, you must paraphrase—answer in your own words. If you quote directly from the essay, you should then interpret the quote.
Introduction: A phase change is a result from the kinetic energy (heat) either decreasing or increasing to change the state of matter (i.e. water, liquid, or gas.) Thus saying, freezing is the phase change from a liquid to a solid which results from less kinetic energy/heat. Also, melting is the phase change from a solid to a liquid which results from adding kinetic energy/heat. So, the freezing and melting point of something is the temperature at which these phase changes occur. Therefore, a phase change will occur when a vial of 10 mL of water is placed into a cup of crushed ice mixed with four spoonfuls with 5 mL of sodium chloride for 30 minutes. If 10 mL of water is placed in an ice bath, it will then freeze at 5 degrees Celsius because the kinetic energy will leave quicker with the ice involved. The purpose of this lab is to observe what temperature the water must be to undergo a phase change.
Clausius made a series of discoveries that led up to the discover of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the equation the “changed the world”. First, Rudolf Clausius discovered that anywhere, everywhere, the total of all the energy in the universe is constant. Each form of energy can be turned into another. He also noticed that heat naturally flows from hot to cold, it only goes cold to hot using artificial means. He called this lopsided temperature change entropy. He wondered if all the changes in entropy would also be constant. That was not the case. He noticed in steam engines that the amount of heat going from hot to cold always exceeded the amount of heat going from cold to hot. He tested all kinds of objects with his entropy ideas and over and over again he noticed a net increase in entropy. He then devised this formula to explain this idea Suniverse0, which means that the amount of entropy in the universe is always greater than 0. This was a major breakthrough for many reasons. It gave a reason why everything aged and died. He compares the universe to a casino in which the gamblers make money, but they lose as well. As long as the casino makes more money than the gamblers, the casino stays in business. This is the same idea in the universe. As long as matter ages and dies, the universe exists. As heat begins to flow from hot to cold, it creates many lukewarm regions. Eventually, the universe will become one uniform
Loss can leave us with the feeling that we are no longer in control of our lives, a strong feeling of instability. We must understand our loss to cope and deal with what has happened. Jo Ann Beard the narrator and author of “The Fourth State of Matter” struggles with several losses throughout the text. She appears to deal with her instability by caring for her aged dog as if she was a sick child, when in reality Beard just wants her problems to disappear. When faced with a complication a difficult choice must be made, to do nothing in hopes the problem will resolve itself or face it head-on. When pretending the problem doesn't exist or similarly telling yourself it will go back to how it was, simply allows
Pressure on the ice reduces the melting point. If pressure is afterward reduced, water will freeze again. This is called regelation. When a player skates across the ice, he or she applies a lot of pressure, leaving a trail of water where the blades were. Because the pressure leaves quickly, the water freezes to ice again (Haché 22). Nevertheless, pressure is not the only factor that causes this melting. Friction also takes part because it creates heat. With help...
The term “entropy” describes a “measure of disorder or randomness in an isolated system” (Dictionary.com). According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the entropy of an isolated system will always increase over time. Therefore, disorder and randomness are constantly increasing. Amis drew from both this law and the work of the physicist A.S. Eddington in writing T...
The Fourth State of Matter by Jo Ann Beard is a story about an event that changes Beard’s life. Jo Ann Beard is an editor of a physical journal. She works at University of Iowa, where in 1991, there was a mass shooting in the physic department. She tells the story unlike any reporters. Her story is almost a movie to the audiences because of all the imagery she uses. She also include a theme that every problem will be solved in the end by the way that nobody can think of.
Throughout Thomson’s life he made many contributions to science. These include discoveries in thermodynamics and the age of the Earth, as well as innovating the Transatlantic Cable and inventing a tide meter. After exploring thermodynamics for some time, he developed the second law of thermodynamics. This law states that there cannot be a reaction that is completely efficient; a portion of the energy is lost to heat in each reaction. It also says that heat flows to areas that...
they break and the ice melts. Liquid water does not necessarily have all four hydrogen bonds
The natural sciences attempt to explain the physical world through the interaction of organized models. Hypotheses, theories, and laws are related to each other in order to create a web of ideas that explain the connections between natural phenomena. These hypotheses, theories, and laws are made by observing objective truths about the physical world and then using that empirical evidence to reason why cer...
These phases can go from one to another when affected by certain things, which is known as phase changes. To switch from a solid to a liquid, the solid must melt. On the other hand, to switch from a liquid to a solid, freezing must occur. Furthermore, to switch from a liquid to a gas, a process known as evaporation must take place. In contrast, to go from a gas to a liquid, condensation must take place. Furthermore, sublimation must take place for a solid to turn to a gas. Inversely, deposition must occur for a gas to change to a solid.
Fleisher, Paul. Matter and Energy: Principles of Matter and Thermodynamics. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications, 2002.
Amidst many similarities, the rift between ancient and modern science is enormous and has frequently left historians puzzled. Although it is clear to historians that the stagnant science of ancient times developed into the modern scientific pursuit in the 17th century, it is not clear what specifically caused this revolution of scientific thought.
The second law of thermodynamics is expressed as a cycle that “all processes occur spontaneously in the direction that increases the entropy of the universe (system plus surrounding).” Entropy, the number of ways the components of a system can be rearranged without changing the system, plays a major roll in the second law of thermodynamics.
• A second principle, which concretises the beginning of the universe, is the second law of thermodynamics. As I quote the cosmologist Sir Arthur Eddington, said,