The body is fascinating with the way it handles itself. It does so by using feedback control loops to maintain its internal environment. There are two types of living system feedback loops: the negative feedback loop and the positive feedback loop. The negative feedback loop can be defined as one of the main principles of homeostasis where the body manages to maintain its balanced internal state through a set of variable: set point, stimulus, sensor, and a response. The negative feedback loop response reduces the initial stimulus and usually causes on opposite output. On the other hand, the positive feedback loop amplifies rather than reduces. It does not have a set point, but it does have a stimulus that is external to the loop, sensor, and …show more content…
a response. For the negative feedback loop, the loop ends once the stimulus is back to the set point, but for the positive loop, the loop ends the moment the stimulus exists the loop. Insulin signaling and human body temperature are examples of the negative feedback loop.
For insulin signaling, the body is able to regulate the amount of glucose it needs to use or store for the body to maintain its equilibrium. If the body receives a stimulus of high blood glucose level, the body sends this stimulus straight to the control center, the pancreas. Once it reaches the pancreas, it sends a signal to release insulin which is taken up by the effectors such as the liver or muscle to store the excess glucose as either body fats or glycogen. After this signal, the body shuts off the insulin release which results in lower the blood glucose level Another example of the negative feedback loop is maintaining the human body temperature. If the body receives a low glucose level stimulus, the pancreas ends up releasing glycogen and the liver breaks that down into glucose. A normal body temperature is about 99 degrees Fahrenheit. If the body sends a stimulus that indicates that the temperature has increased above what is normal, then the stimulus will go straight to the control center, the hypothalamus. Once the body receives this signal, it goes to the effectors such as blood vessels and sweat glands in the skin which will cause a response in which the body increases blood flow in the skin. The moment the body responds in this way, the body will begin to sweat and the body will go back to its normal temperature. If the body temperature is dropped, the stimulus goes through the same way, but the response is what changes, instead of sweating, the body
shivers. Childbirth and blood clotting are examples of positive feedback loop. During childbirth, the pressure of the baby’s head against the opening of the uterus, stimulates the uterus to contract. This stimulus amplifies a hormone called oxytocin to release which speeds up the contractions. These contractions keep on increasing and causing pressure against the uterus opening until the baby is born. Once the baby, stimulus, exits out of the birth canal, the feedback stops. Blood clotting is another example of positive feedback loop. The blood clotting process begins when an endothelium of a vessel gets damaged. The vessels begin to vasoconstricts to decrease the amount of blood that is being lost. Once the body senses that there is a tear in one of the blood vessels, the positive feedback loop is initiated through the platelets that begin to form to adhere to the damage and they may also release a special substance that makes nearby platelets sticky. Besides the platelets, other materials also join the clot such as fibers or RBC’s. The positive feedback loop ends the moment that the platelets form the plug that provides protection against blood loss. Once this occurs, the negative feedback loop takes charge and makes the vessels expand and go back to their normal size.
In this experiment mice were studied as examples of organisms that employ physiological mechanisms to maintain and regulate internal body temperature.
When Antonio was seven years old, he had a very bad flu and was hospitalized. He was able to recover without complications, but he noticed that whenever he drove by the hospital he was treated at that he would start to feel sick to his stomach.Unconditioned stimulus in Antonio's case was initially the hospital. The unconditioned response to being at the hospital was he didn't feel well. Then the Hospital became the conditioned response by making Antonio feel sick when he had to visit or drive by the hospital. It is because he associated the hospital (CS) with feeling ill. The hospital where he was treated for the sickness is the conditioned stimulus (CS), causing him to remember what occurred and inducing his stomach to hurt (CR) which is an conditioned response. This is an example of classical
Our body obtains the energy by digesting the carbohydrates into glucose. Volumes of glucose are required by the body to create ATP. ATP is short for 'Adenosine Triphosphate ' and is an energy carrier. When we consume too many carbohydrates our body produces a lot of glucose and as a result blood glucose levels rise and sometimes they may rise over the normal range of blood glucose concentration. To bring it back within the healthy range, the homeostatic system of blood glucose regulation is used. The blood flows through the pancreas where the beta cells, receptors, detect the high blood glucose level. To counteract this stimuli beta cells alert the control centre, which are also the beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The secretion of insulin has to be done quickly but can only be carried out when insulin gene is switched on. Turning on the insulin gene switch can take 30 minutes to an hour therefore, the production of insulin by beta cells are done in advance and are packaged in vesicles right until blood glucose rises. Glucose comes into the beta cell to trigger the vesicle that contains the insulin to move towards the plasma membrane and fuse. This releases the insulin into the bloodstream where they are distributed throughout the body and only affect specific target cells. The receptor, a protein, on the target cell’s plasma membrane recognises and connects
The body has specific ways of controlling the internal temperature: if the body is too cold then involuntary shivering occurs this causes the skeletal muscles to contract therefore producing heat. When conscious movement occurs the muscles again contract and relax which generate heat to warm the body up. Another way the body increases the temperature unconsciously the hairs all over the body stand on end causing a layer of air to be trapped, which acts like an insulator. When the body is too warm sweat is produced from pores in the skin, as this liquid sits on the skin it slowly evaporates causing the body temperature to drop, however if ...
The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in is related to the insulin hormone. Insulin is secreted by cells in the pancreas and is responsible for regulating the level of glucose in the bloodstream. It also aids the body in breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When someone suffers from diabetes, however, the body does not break down the glucose in the blood as a result of abnormal insulin metabolism. When there are elevated levels of glucose in the blood, it is known as hyperglycemia. If the levels continue to remain high over an extended period of time, damage can be done to the kidneys, cardiovascular systems; you can get eye disorders, or even cause nerve damage. When the glucose levels are low in one’s body, it is called hypoglycemia. A person begins to feel very jittery, and possibly dizzy. If that occurs over a period of time, the person can possibly faint. Diabetes mellitus occurs in three different forms - type 1, type 2, and gestational.
Huether, S.E. & McCance, K.L. (2008). Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier
Stage 3: After Conditioning. Now the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US) to create a new conditioned response (CR).” (McLoed. 2008)
One prime example of a dangerous positive feedback loop is melting artic ice. Before global warming the sun would hit the ice and most of the heat would be bounced back into space rather than being artic ice is starting to melt. When this happens more land is uncovered and the ice becomes water. Both land and water absorb the suns energy which amplifies the issue of global warming. Another great example of a positive feedback loop is our ocean’s warming. With our ocean waters warming it releases methane (fish create it in their guts and plants produce it) which is a greenhouse gas. With this excess methane in the atmosphere it is causing earth to warm. Both of these feedback loops are a vicious nature cycle that is very hard if not near impossible to reverse.
The Mechanism of Negative Feedback Homeostasis means beatified sex. It is an ability of an organism to control its internal environment, that is the composition of their body fluids, for them to survive fluctuating external conditions. Homeostasis is used to describe all the mechanisms by homeostatic control. Maintenance of stability requires control systems capable of detecting any deviation from the usual and making the necessary adjustments to return it to its normal condition. The internal environment can by controlled by hormones.
...hunger as the hormone insulin lets cells to enter glucose in the blood; when the pancreas discharges insulin hunger will rise.
The pancreas uses these two hormones in order to monitor blood glucose levels. After a meal, blood glucose usually rises. This is when insulin secretion will start (Nussey S, Whitehead S. “Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach”). Consequently, blood glucose decrease to the normal range. This is how insulin maintains blood levels when is high. However, when blood level falls below normal range, glucagon comes into play. Low blood glucose occurs usually when hungry and during exercise. This will then triggers glucagon secretion. When blood level falls, the body goes into imbalance. Hence is why in order to maintain homeostasis glucagon is crucial. The body will tell the pancreas to increase more glucose and the pancreas will secrete glucagon by taking glycogen from the liver to produce glucose. The glucose will produce energy and will make blood glucose concentration increase (Homeostasis of Insulin and Glucose, Abpischools.org). When the pancreas cannot maintain homeostasis, many problems will arise in the body. When the pancreas fails to produce insulin, type 1 and 2 diabetes can occur. For those with type 1 diabetes, insulin injections will be needed in order to regulate blood glucose level, otherwise, glucose levels will be out of control. For type 2 diabetes, they are not insulin dependent like type 1, however, the body does not create enough in the body. When blood glucose
Systems approach is based on the fundamental principle that all aspects of a human problem should be treated together in a rational manner (Healy, 2005). I have divided this essay into relevant sections that cover an overview of systems ideas, general systems theory and ecological systems theory. This assignment will also include Germain and Gittermans life model, and it will be related back to the case study that has been provided. Limitations of systems theory will also be discussed.
The metabolic process to manage blood glucose levels starts with the consumption of food and the glucose entering the bloodstream. Once the level of glucose in the bloodstream is detected, the pancreas responds by releasing insulin into the bloodstream which allows the glucose to be accepted into the body cells. Insulin also allows excess glucose to be stored in the liver where it is turned into glycogen. If the blood
In this paper, I will be primarily focusing on the importance of feedback in learning. Practise is important to achieve goals but it cannot act alone, in order for a student to accomplish his/her goals he/she needs to practise; while practising it is important to receive feedback. By the end of this paper, I will try to prove why “Feedback is so important in learning”?
Positives attract negatives, I am not talking about magnets, I am talking about every issue or event that has occurred in this world. If you try to look at the bright side or have a glass half full kind of perspective there will always be someone with a glass half empty perspective that will find the negative in anything, especially if it is posted online. That is exactly what happened when Pepsi released their ad with Kendall Jenner which was meant to promote unity and peace, but instead caused an uproar about the Black Lives Matter protest. Additionally, Pepsi states that they meant to project global peace, unity and understanding through their ad, although it was not perceived this way. It ended with the removal of the ad the day after it was released and an apology online from Pepsi to not only Kendall Jenner but to Bernice King, whose father fought so hard for equality and to those whom it may have offended.