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Importance of ethics in psychology
Importance of ethics in psychology
Importance of ethics in psychology
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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT 2
In this essay I will be evaluating the research methods and ethical issues raised in the attached articles: “The Wire Mother Experiment” and “The Double Bind Theory”
Harry Frederick Harlow, an American Psychologist proposed a mother’s love was essential for healthy childhood development. (Cherry 2014) To prove this, Harlow carried out a series of controversial experiments in the 1950s titled “The Wire Mother Experiment” (also known as contact comfort) this experiment involved depriving Infant rhesus macaques (a breed of monkeys) of their mothers love and substituting their biological mothers with “manufactured mothers”. With this experimental method he intended to quantify and measure love and affection. (Vicedo N.D)
After reading “The Wire Mother Experiment” article, the two main research methods I can identify are observation and experimental methods. The strengths of the experimental method Harlow carried out are they are accurate and possess internal validity, due to the fact that they were carried out in a controlled environment. The lab...
3. After her last drinking spree, Karen hid a half-empty liquor bottle. She couldn't remember where she hid it until she started drinking again. Karen's pattern of recall best illustrates:
3. Because he believes that "real men have no fears," 8-year-old George has difficulty accepting the fact that his father is fearful of losing his job. George's experience is most directly explained by:
Who suggested that “we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble”?
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the:
In 1976 Marshall H. Klaus and John H. Kennell came out with a book called “Parent Infant Bonding”. It discussed their hypothesis that like other animals, there is a brief moment directly following the birth of a child where skin-to-skin contact between mother and offspring creates a strong bond. Although this theory continues to be supported by many, some criticized the process of Klaus and Kennell’s studies. Some of these criticisms likely came from their definition of a “critical” time period after birth.
During the twentieth century, Harry Harlow performed one of the most controversial experiments that led to a scientific breakthrough concerning the parent-child relationship. It paved the way for understanding terms such as secure, insecure, ambivalent, and disorganized relationships (Bernstein, 2014, 364). During the course of this study, Harlow separated baby monkeys from their birth mothers and isolated them in frightening environments. According to the video “H.H. Overview”, this proved the monkey’s preference for a comforting mother versus a nutritional one. However, this raises the question: can his experiments be deemed ethical, or did his scientific inquiry overstep boundaries?
Chapter 4 discusses the several states of consciousness: the nature of consciousness, sleep and dreams, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Consciousness is a crucial part of human experience, it represents that private inner mind where we think, feel, plan, wish, pray, omagine, and quietly relive experiences. William James described the mind as a stream of consciousness, a continuous flow of changing sensations, images thoughts, and feelings. Consciousness has two major parts: awareness and arousal. Awareness includes the awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences. Arousal is the physiological state of being engaged with the environment. Theory of mind refers to individuals understanding that they and others think,
The attachment theory, presented by Mary Ainsworth in 1969 and emerged by John Bowlby suggests that the human infant has a need for a relationship with an adult caregiver, and without a subsequent, development can be negatively impacted (Hammonds 2012). Ainsworth proposes that the type of relationship and “attachment” an infant has with the caregiver, can impact the social development of the infant. As stated by Hammonds (2012), attachment between a mother and a child can have a great impact on the child 's future mental
In Introduction to Psychology taught by Dr. Mary Kay Streit, we were leaning information form our book Introduction to Psychology Eighth Edition? The class study forms chapters 1 to 20 slipping a few in the middle. The class had a fast past and was full of useful information. At first I had a very hard time keeping up. The first two tests I barely passed. The teacher was always willing to help with what she could. Me myself had other problems going in to the class. I am a learning disabled student who was not getting as much helps as I need. The classes that were being taken by me were college level and were all time consuming. Dr. Kay was very reasonable and did what she could she also give us different ways the study for the test so that we could bring are grades up. In the next paragraphs to follow I will be telling you and just a few topics we covered in the course.
John Bowlby’s attachment theory established that an infant’s earliest relationship with their primary caregiver or mother shaped their later development and characterized their human life, “from the cradle to the grave” (Bowlby, 1979, p. 129). The attachment style that an infant develops with their parent later reflects on their self-esteem, well-being and the romantic relationships that they form. Bowlby’s attachment theory had extensive research done by Mary Ainsworth, who studied the mother-infant interactions specifically regarding the theme of an infant’s exploration of their surrounding and the separation from their mother in an experiment called the strange situation. Ainsworth defined the four attachment styles: secure, insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant and disorganized/disoriented, later leading to research studies done to observe this behavior and how it affects a child in their adolescence and adulthood.
A debate rages in psychology. It is not one of the usual kind, dwelling on a specific aspect of the mind or a new drug, but a controversy dealing with the very foundations of psychology. The issue is determining how psychologists should treat patients and on what psychologists base their choices. Some feel that they must be empirically-supported treatments, treatments backed by hard data and scientifically supported. Others feel that this standard for treatments is much too confining for the complex field of psychology and that many good treatments cannot be backed by hard data. The American Psychological Association President Task Force on Evidence-Based Treatment came out with a plan for psychology that effectively maintains a high scientific standard but allows for a variety of research designs to be used in determining how to treat a patient. This plan of evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) is a strong standard for psychology because it allows patients to receive science-backed treatment that is still personalized.
This paper will examine the professionalization of psychology in North American, specifically focusing on clinical psychology. First off, I will with a broad history of clinical psychology and its development over time. Secondly, I will focus on the development of professional psychology training programs. It is important to keep in mind the impact of sociopolitical factors on the professionalization of psychology. One major influence on the professionalization was the Second World War (WWII): it helped bring applied fields out of the dark and called for training in mental testing and psychotherapy. Then, I will discuss the emergence of organizations such as the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) and their influence on psychological training programs in academia. The battle between psychology as a science and psychology as a profession will be examined. Lastly, Acadia University’s history in psychology will be explored while connecting it to significant changes occurring in the boarder sphere of psychology during a 40-year period, 1935-1975. Acadia has a very rich history and strong ties with the CPA which lead to the establishment of a clinical program well before the time of its professionalization and creation of a code of ethics. Additionally, the maritime provinces were the first to have a provincial association of professional psychologist thanks to W. H. D. Vernon, an Acadia University professor.
I never noticed how much psychology could be incorporated into everyday life. But really, any decision or action you take is related to it. I have personally been extremely interested in social psychology: why people do things because of social norms, what people do in order to look socially acceptable, etc. Others topics I also find interesting are sensation and perception; how past experiences can influence how you perceive the things around you, states of consciousness; how things that have happened in your day can be transferred into a mash of events in your dreams, motivation and emotion; what makes a person do something or what makes a person start or stop procrastination, and lastly: personality; what characteristics and traits stand out the most in a person, what makes a person who they are.
By choosing to lover her child, the mother acknowledges that she doesn’t feel as if she is obligated to do so because she wants to love him or her and is prepared for the challenges that await her. Thoma Oord writes in his article “The Love Racket: Defining Love and Agape for the Love–and–Science Research Program” that the definition of love refers to the “promotion of well being of all others in an enduring, intense, effective, and pure manner” meaning that when a person loves someone, they will try to do whatever they can to their beloved’s benefit (922). The child is benefited in many ways when the mother chooses to love him or her, for example, the child’s anxiety levels and sense of fear are lowered because they have the security of the bond they possess with their mother (Tarlaci 745). In his article, “Unmasking the Neurology of Love,” Robert Weiss explains that love is a “goal-orientated motivation state rather than a specific emotion” which arises the possibility of a mother “falling out of love” with her child if neither feelings or goals are present. Tarlaci observed an experiment conducted by A. Bartels and S. Zeki in which they compared the brain activity of both a mother looking at a picture of her child to a lover looking at a picture of their beloved. In the experiment it was discovered that “just about the same regions of the brain showed activity in the same two groups except for one” the PACG, which has been confirmed to be “specific to a mother’s love” (Tarlaci 747). So the chances of a mother falling out of love with her child are there, but are different from that of a lover due to the areas of the brain involved. Therefore, explaining the bond between a mother and child as something that forms when a mother chooses to love him or her implies a greater sense of willingness and
Worobey, J., & Worobey, H. (1999) . The Impactg of a Two-Year School Breakfast Program for Preschool-Aged Children on Their Nutrient Intake and Pre-Academic Performance. Child Study Journal, 29, 113-131.