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Rational and emotional appeals in social psychology
The impact of emotions on decision-making
The impact of emotions on decision-making
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Recommended: Rational and emotional appeals in social psychology
Theorists identified persuasive appeals to involve both emotional and logical persuasion (Larson, C., 2013, p. 185). These studies defined “psychological appeals or process premises” as persuasion targeting our cognitive and emotional channels (Larson, C., 2013, p. 186). They target the receiver’s emotions or mental psychic in the circumferential passage of the ELM (Larson, C., 2013, p. 186). This type of persuasion focuses on personal needs, emotions, attitudes and psychological satisfaction (Larson, C., 2013, p. 186). For example, it might include the emotional displeasure an individual might experiences regarding their poor choices (Larson, C., 2013, p. 186). Individuals experience a range of emotions.
Researchers found that when individuals experience emotions that are “fear-based” resulting in cognitive stress, they take immediate action to alleviate the pressure (Larson, C., 2013, p. 186). These types of appeals operate in “business, marketing, advertising, sales promotions, politics, interpersonal communication and ideological persuasion” where a number of fears-based emotions might occur (Larson, C., 2013, p. 186). Some cognitive premises drive brand persuasion, for example, purchasing preferences may be based on an individual’s emotional and psychological needs (Larson, C., 2013, p. 187).
Some persuasion research studies identified an individual’s “compelling needs” as the want “for emotional security” (Larson, C., 2013, p. 190). This need constructs emotional concern regarding futuristic emotions, unmet needs, well-being and security (Larson, C., 2013, p. 190). When these needs are left unmet, individuals become discontent, distressed and motivated to seek ways to resolve the stress (Larson, C., 2013, p. 187). S...
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...s (Larson, C., 2013, pp. 206 & 207). Researchers found that emotions of “anger” can produce high engagement and effective solutions to problems (Larson, C., 2013, p. 209). For example, the campaign to change the laws impacting the oversight organization of our securities and exchanges by appealed to individuals that felt cheated by the financial rewards given to the poor performing executive leaders (Larson, C., 2013, p. 209). Pride is another key emotion. The emotions of “pride” appeals have been successfully used by charitable organizations to persuade and make contributors feel proud to support their initiative and help others in doing so (Larson, C., 2013, p. 209). In addition, “happiness and joy” cause based appeals such as Feed the Children create emotions in the contributing target audience such as confidence and trust (Larson, C., 2013, pp. 209 & 210).
Effectively communicating an idea or opinion requires several language techniques. In his study of rhetoric, Aristotle found that persuasion was established through three fundamental tools. One is logos, which is used to support an argument through hard data and statistics. Another is ethos, which is the credibility of an author or speaker that allows an audience to conclude from background information and language selection a sense of knowledge and expertise of the person presenting the argument. The impact of pathos, however, is the most effective tool in persuasion due to the link between emotions and decisions. Although each of these tools can be effective individually, a combination of rhetorical devices when used appropriately has the ability to sway an audience toward the writer’s point of view.
Masterson, John and Thompson Biggers. “Emotion-Eliciting Qualities of Television Campaign Advertising as a Predictor of Voting Behavior.” Psychology: A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior v23 (1986) : 13-19. Web. 3 March 2014.
Bushman, Brad J., Roy F. Baumeister, and Angela D. Stack. “Catharsis, Aggression, and Persuasive Influence: Self-Fulfilling or Self-Defeating Prophecies.” Online Posting. 17 July 2001 <http://www.apa.org/journals/psp/psp763367.html>.
In the most advantageous of cases this model suggests that a receiver “considers the content of the persuasive message carefully and has favorable thoughts about the content” (Enfante, Rancer & Avtgis, 2010, p. 172). When receivers engage in cognitive thinking, they participate in the type of persuasion the authors call the “central route” (Enfante, Rancer & Avtgis, 2010, p. 172). Under the central route, the receiver employs positive feelings towards whatever the source is saying and then in turn acts or forms attitudes based off of the positive thoughts. Thus they interact thoughtfully with the information the source is attempting to get across.
Emotion is a complex construct that has been explored for many years, yet there is still much to be learned regarding this multifaceted phenomenon. Given the pivotal role that emotion plays in our everyday lives, scholars have demonstrated a continued interest in describing and understanding its functional and structural properties. At its most basic level, emotion is referred to as a positive or negative response towards a given stimulus, which is accompanied by cognitive, behavioral, and physiological characteristics (Carlson, 2013). Although emotions are often perceived to be feelings rather than behaviors, it is often the behavioral mechanisms rather than personal feelings that have adaptive and reproductive significance (Carlson, 2013). In essence, emotion serves as a regulatory mechanism of daily interactions and social relations (Algoe, Fredrickson, & Gable, 2013; Keltner & Haidt, 1999).
Persuasion is all around us. It is an attempt to influence us into changing our attitudes and behaviors regarding an issue (Myers). We are convinced to think a specific way, purchase certain items and services, and cast our votes for certain candidates. One persuasive method is fact-based. This is known as central route to persuasion (Myers). The other is emotion-based. This is called the peripheral route to persuasion (Myers). Based on central persuasion techniques, I have been persuaded that the minimum wage should not be raised to $15 an hour.
Sjöberg, Lennart. "Emotions and Risk Perception." Risk Management 9.4 (2007): 223-37. Web. 22 May 2011.
The ELM of persuasion is comprised of two routes for attitude change: central and peripheral. The central route of persuasion is composed of higher-level processes that are responsible for decision making (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). These higher-level processes include analyz...
In closing, Persuasion is a powerful tool, both in trying to persuade others and being
Emotion and motivation are seen as two separate psychological features that are cause-and-effect. Most people would think motivation stimulates a person to achieve a goal, while also thinking emotion is the only the feelings that come from the motive, the actions that are caused from either achieving or of failure of the goal. Motivation is defined in different ways, but a common definition is that motivation is a force that energizes behavior. In 2006, Franken defined motivation as the direction and persistence of a person’s behavior. Most theorists who have their own definition of motivation think that learned behavior cannot be stopped unless energized. Which motivation is important in all of behavior. Any change in the motivation reflects
In the academic journal by Fleur Laros and Jan-Benedict Steenkamp published in 2005, emotions in consumer behavior are illustrated through a hierarchy-based system of classifying. The authors suggest that the understanding and interpretation of emotion is extremely beneficial for marketers. When an individual views an advertisement, the emotions mediate the consumer’s response to the material. Depending on the emotion the consumer feels after viewing the advertisement, this can potentionally prompt the consumer to purchase that good or service (Laros & Steenkamp, 2005).
Within an ad campaign, they try to persuade the consumer into buying their product by means of the appeal. The appeal is what the products promises do for them. For example if people were to look at magazines and browse through the ads, they think which human need or motivation does the product promise to stratify. Many Psychologists have seen many needs for humans, the main need for humans include food, water, shelter, security, and sex. The secondary need is power, status, achievement, esteem, and affiliation. These can depend on someone’s experiences and will vary from person to person and from culture to culture. For advertisers to sell their products they must see the
Emotion is defined as the reaction to a stimulus, which is only inferred and not observed. Emotions play a powerful role in shaping thoughts, influencing behavior, and steering motivation to do things. As much as it helps with understanding the people around you and building relationships, it plays a big part in influencing daily decisions and behavior. While emotions are a universal language and may be a crucial key to getting to know yourself and the world, it hinders your perception and judgment as what you may think is right, may be wrong for someone else. This essay will further elaborate on the strengths and weaknesses of emotions in different areas of knowledge.
Enthusiasm is the main positive emotion that is targeted in political ads, along with hope (Brader 2006). Ads that target enthusiasm typically have uplifting music with positive, bright colored images (Brader 2006, 6). Unlike anxiety and fear, enthusiasm has more potential to change people’s vote (Marcus and Mackuen 1993). Ads that provoke these positive emotions typically lead to the voters viewing the candidates more positively and usually mobilize voters more to be engaged with the campaign (Brader 2006; Marcus and Mackuen 1993). Positive ads also force voters to rely on preexisting knowledge and decisions (Brader 2005). Voters also show no information seeking behaviors when shown positive ads but rather show increased levels of interest in the campaign and candidate (Brader 2005). Enthusiasm has also been shown to make voters more loyal to their party preferences and more willing to vote (Brader 2005). Overall, enthusiasm has a lot of positive benefits when they are used in political
In this essay, I will provide 10 examples of persuasion through my own experiences and what I see on the media. I will carefully look at each example and determine whether it uses commitment and consistency, credibility, Elaboration Likelihood Model, liking, reciprocation, social proof, message factors, theories and models, compliance strategies, language, and interpersonal and mass persuasion including nonverbal.