In this essay, I will be using the understanding of two psycho-social theories, the theory of planned behavior and the health belief model, and the professional ethics to explain how it can lead to the development of concordant medicines-taking behavior in Amira Masood. Concordant is which doctor, pharmacist and patient agree therapeutic decisions that including their respective opinions, to a deeper understanding which extends from prescribing communication to patient support in medicine taking. (1) I will be also discussing the issues of consent and confidentiality arising in the case.
The health belief model is comprising by four basic beliefs. It indicated that people will carry out a health-related action if they have the perception
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For behavioral beliefs, in this case, Amira is considering whether taking the citalopram or not because she is thinking about the consequences and want to more about the medicine first i.e. some patients do not want to admit to being depressed (9). However, the pharmacist should remind Amira that by taking her medication she is reducing the symptoms of suffering from depression. Amira should also realize that her behavior is affecting many people as she is working as a Staff Nurse on a children’s ward.
For normative beliefs, it indicates that Amira will be able to make her decision easier if her husband and her mother-in-law want her to take the medicine (10). It is because his husband works as a doctor and he can give out professional advice. Also, family members can always help depression patient to build up the confident and
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In Amira’s case, an issue of consent is arisen that her GP has not explained to her much about the conditions she is suffering and the medication that he prescribed. Amira was left a little confused because she did not has the chance to ask questions. For obtaining consent, it must be informed and capacity which means that Amira must be given all of the information of the treatment and they understand the information provided by the doctor and they can use it to make a decision (13). Obtaining consent will lead to enhancement of the efficiency to the treatment because Amira is happy and showing agreement to the
Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political, and bioethical reasoning. Inside these connections, it is the limit of a sound individual to make an educated, unpressured decision. Patient autonomy can conflict with clinician autonomy and, in such a clash of values, it is not obvious which should prevail. (Lantos, Matlock & Wendler, 2011). In order to gain informed consent, a patient
The Health Belief Model is a framework that is used for understanding service user’s health behaviours. The Health Belief Model is based on believing that a service user will seek health care related action if they believe that they are at risk of developing a certain condition and also if they believe that they can successfully and confidently take action to avoid getting the condition. A conceptual framework that describes a person's health behavior as an expression of health beliefs. The model was designed to predict a person's health behavior, including the use of health services, and to justify intervention to alter maladaptive health behavior. www.medical-dictionary.com (accessed 1/11/2016).
The key concept of the health belief model includes threat perception (perceived threat), behavioral evaluation, self-efficacy and other variables. The threat perception has very great relevance in health-related behaviors. This perception are measured by perceived susceptibility (the beliefs about the likelihood of contacting a disease) and perceived severity (the feeling about the seriousness of contacting an illness and leaving it untreated). The behavioral evaluation is assessed by the levels of perceived benefits (the positive effects to be expected), perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of a health behavior), and cues to action (the strategies to activated one’s readiness). The self-efficacy key concept was not originally included in of the health belief model, and it was just added in 1998 to look at a person’s belief in his/her ability to take action in order to make a health related change. The other variables that are also the key concepts of the model include diverse demography, sociopsychology, education, and structure. These factors are variable from one to another and indirectly influence an individual’s health-related behavior because the factors influence the perception...
Health belief model is becoming aware of threat, if a person does not see a healthcare behavior as risky or threatening there is no encouragement to act. For example, when Sabrina swims at their summer lake every day, she doesn’t realize that she is at risk of skin cancer and will most likely to continue to swim at the infected lake. According to several search, there are two main types of perceived threats such as perceived susceptibility and perceived severity. Susceptibility refers to how much risk a person perceives he or she has. On the other hand, severity refers to how serious the consequences might be to effectively change health behaviors, most people however usually believe in both susceptibility and severity. Because both susceptibly
There are two main ways to change people’s outlook on their lifestyle to make them healthier and acquire more knowledge, which are Health Belief Model and Trans-theoretical Model. They both have a number of similarities as well as differences in their structure. First of all, the HBM is a psychological model that attempt to explain and predict health behavior, it mainly concentrates on the attitude and changes of individuals’ behaviors. The modification bases on the perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. In order to achieve successful revolution, people need to overcome their obstacles and believe that they could pursue their goal. On the other hand, the TTM prepares for individuals to ready to change their health
The Health Belief Model (HBM) of health behaviour change was originally developed in the 1950s in order to understand and explain why vaccination and screening programs being implemented at the time were not meeting with success (Edberg 2007). It was later extended to account for preventive health actions and illness behaviours (Roden 2004). Succinctly, it suggests that behaviour change is influenced by an individuals’ assessment of the benefits and achievability of the change versus the cost of it (Naidoo and Wills 2000).
Likewise, they are used to predict, understand, and impact how an individual may embark the needed changes to advert health crisis (Glanz et al., 2015). Moreover, both models aim to focus on attitudes towards self-efficacy to consider the belief stages needed to make those necessary steps to change bad habits to good habits (Glanz et al., 2015). On the contrast, HBM and TTM difference lies in how it is used that affects behavioral changes being a categorical intervention to apply certain discretion (Glanz et al., 2015). For instance, the HBM difference focuses on perceived thoughts that shift towards cognitive awareness (Glanz et al., 2015). In the ability to consider how the process concerning an individual’s’ health might change based on the acquired knowledge (Glanz et al., 2015). Moreover, the action needed to account for considering the illnesses and the perceived action to resist the disease through susceptibility, severity, benefit, and the barriers to activating cues to action in the threat to reduce the illness (Glanz et al.,
According to Medical Dictionary (2003) ‘consent’ is an ‘act of reason’, voluntary agreement to proposed treatment made by a mentally capable person upon receiving relevant information. Patients’ consent is closely associated with individuals’ liberty, person’s autonomy and the right to decide about themselves and their body with assumption of taking full responsibility for decision and its consequences (Frith and Draper, 2004).
The Health Belief Model originated in the 1950’s by social psychologist in the United States working for the public health services. They were trying to explain the widespread failure of people not wanting to participate in programs to prevent or detect disease (Glanz, Rimer & Viswanath, 2008, pg. 46). Since the 1950’s, the model has been widely accepted to conceptualize frameworks in health behavior research in order to both explain change and maintenance in health related behaviors as well as a guide to incorporate health behavior interventions (Glanz, Rimer & Viswanath, 2008, pg. 45). The Health Belief Model consist of several key constructs, which are perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self efficacy. According to Rosenstock, 1974, “these combined levels of susceptibility and severity provide the energy or force to act and the perception of benefits provide a preferred path to action (Glanz, Rimer & Viswanath, 2008, pg. 49).” In other words, allowing an individual to come to terms with their own health risk and susceptibility may allow people to formulate a change based on their own belief system given the perceived risk or benefits.
Lifestyles and Health Behavior According to Psychologists Psychologists have created a number of theories to explain why it is that people continue to practice bad behaviours such as smoking, when they are aware of the dangers involved. The health belief model created by Becker and Rosenstock in 1984 describes that people will only practice good behaviours such as visiting the doctor when making assessments of: Ø Perceived seriousness of health problem Ø Perceived susceptibility Ø Perceived costs and benefits. For example the HBM predicts that an individual will only quit smoking if she believes that she is likely to get lung cancer, that lung cancer is a severe health threat, that the benefits of being a non-smoker are high, the benefits of being a smoker are low. The HBM also states that we need cues to action to act as a trigger, for example an individual may quit smoking when she reads or hears about a long-term smoker dying of lung cancer.
Health Psychology Case Report: Grace Peters Engel’s biopsychosocial model attempts to explain illness through the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. Differing from the traditional biomedical model in that it focuses on patient-centred care rather than the biological condition, this model has improved the approach to preventative medicine. This paper will provide a biopsychosocial analysis of the case of Grace Peters, and discuss the relevant psychological issues with regards to the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), the social cognitive theory (SCT), and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Conforming to the biomedical model, the traditional approach to disease in medicine was organ-oriented; a perspective that significantly
• Believe taking action would reduce their susceptibility to the condition or its severity (perceived benefits)
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is an interpersonal level theory developed by Albert Bandura that emphasizes the dynamic interaction between people (personal factors), their behavior, and their environments. This interaction is demonstrated by the construct called Reciprocal Determinism. In psychology, the theory of planned behavior (abbreviated TPB) is a theory that links beliefs and behavior. The concept was proposed by Icek Ajzen to improve on the predictive power of the theory of reasoned action by including perceived behavioural control. I believe that the Health Belief Model is the most effective health model/theory.
The Health Belief Model according to Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, “The HBM addresses the individual’s perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decision to act (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy)” (Rimer & Glanz, 2005, p. 12). The key concepts of the health belief model include Perceived susceptibility, Perceived severity, Perceived benefits, Perceived barriers, Self-efficacy and Cues to actions. For this assignment, I will design an interactive, theory-based health education program to affect a specific health behavior in a specific population. The population for which this program is intended for
Health psychology is a relatively new concept rapidly growing and could be defined as the biological and psychological influences affect ones behaviour also bringing in social influences of health and illness (MacDonald, 2013). Biological determinants consider genetic and biological factors of an illness whereas psychological determinants focus on the psychological factors such as why people behave the way they do when dealing with issues such as anxiety and stress. Models such as the Health Belief Model and Locus of Control were developed in attempt to try and explain psychological issues around a chronic illness such as breast cancer (Ogden, 2012). Sociological factors can cause an enormous amount of pressure for one to behave in a certain way for example gender roles in society and religious considerations when dealing with health beliefs. Health Beliefs can be defined as one’s own perception to their own personal health and illness and health behaviours (Ogden, 2012). There are also theories and models used to explain pain and coping with diagnosis such as Moos and Schaefer (1984) Crisis theory and Shontz (1975) cycle of grief people go through when being diagnosed with a serious illness.