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Advantages and disadvantages of the health belief model
Advantages and disadvantages of the health belief model
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Health belief model is becoming aware of threat, if a person does not see a healthcare behavior as risky or threatening there is no encouragement to act. For example, when Sabrina swims at their summer lake every day, she doesn’t realize that she is at risk of skin cancer and will most likely to continue to swim at the infected lake. According to several search, there are two main types of perceived threats such as perceived susceptibility and perceived severity. Susceptibility refers to how much risk a person perceives he or she has. On the other hand, severity refers to how serious the consequences might be to effectively change health behaviors, most people however usually believe in both susceptibility and severity. Because both susceptibly
and severity are a clear and present risk of danger, people who have previously resisted behavior change finally give up smoking, stop drinking, lose weight, or start an exercise program. Also, individuals must have the expectation that the new behavior will be beneficial as they feel that barriers to change do not outweigh the benefits and that they can realistically accomplish the needed changes in behavior. Unfortunately, for many desirable health behaviors, the barriers are immediate and the benefits are long term. From this perspective, it is not hard to see why it is so difficult to get patients to change behaviors.
Michael is a 56 year old male who lives alone in a small tin shed in the middle of the bush in central Queensland. He has no children, no partner and lives by himself. During the day he spends his time sleeping on the couch or doing chores around the property. If he isn’t asleep, he requires a stimuli to remain occupied. When he was a young boy, he was a very calm child with a great sense of humour. His physical health was perfect with good energy levels. When he was sexually abused at the age of 8, by his grandfather, these characteristics started to change. From the age of 16 he was having regular breakdowns in his thinking and emotional responses. Michael was constantly feeling irritable and having trouble sleeping with frequent nightmares. As the years went by his attitude was extremely negative which led on to him being withdrawn from his family and friends. During his last year of high school, he started to regularly use marijuana. He would experience countless amounts of paranoia episodes where he would hear voices and thought he was being spied on. At the age of 45 he was fin...
These include inference, illusions, adaptation, view of life, and probabilistic thinking. First, inference is the ability to evaluate uncertainty based on previous experiences in life (Alligood, 2014). Second, illusions are beliefs formed out of life’s uncertainty (Alligood, 2014). Third, adaptation is how a person modifies his or her biological, psychological, or social behavior (Alligood, 2014). Forth, new view of life, is the individual’s acceptance of uncertainty of life (Alligood, 2014). Fifth, probabilistic thinking is the belief in a world in which an individual is uncertain and cannot always have a predicted outcome (Alligood, 2014). Each of these concepts can be used in various clinical situations and with different patient
It indicated that people will carry out a health-related action if they have the perception
Major Assumptions Once health care professionals have a firm foundation on Mishel’s uncertainty in illness theory, understanding the theory’s assumptions will assist nurses to apply evidence-based practice to real world situations. For example, in Mishel’s reconceptualized version of the theory, the major assumption is related to uncertainty and the way in which individuals function when presented with a chaotic state (Mishel, 2011). A fluctuation in control can create chaos while enhancing an individual’s willingness to change (Alligood, 2014). Uncertainty occurs when an individual cannot adequately categorize an illness-related event because of lack of sufficient cues (Alligood, 2014). This uncertainty in life can take many forms.
Firstly, as a GP, it is crucial to explore the biopsychosocial model of health. One must realise that biological, psychological and social factors all contribute to a person’s overall health. The social dimension cannot be ignored in Anne’s case. According to the World Health Organisation, the social determinants of health are ‘the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.’ (World Health Organisation. 2013) From the information provided, one could suggest that various social factors have contributed to Anne’s obesity. Anne grew up in a deprived area of the inner city. Growing up in a deprived area does not directly cause obesity, however, social determinants are known as causes of the causes of ill health. (WMA. 2011) Obesity can be caused by consuming too many calories, leading a sedentary lifestyle and not sleeping enough. (Christian Nordqvist. 2011) These, in turn, could be referred to as consequences of living in the inner city. Studies have shown that ‘inner city parents have high levels of anxiety about neighbourhood safety. While these concerns may not entirely explain the discrepancy in activity levels between inner city and suburban children, a safe environment is crucial to increasing opportunities for physical activity.’ (Weir, L.A., Etelson, D. & Brand, D.A. 2006) Similarly, it is possible that Anne’s socio-economic status has influenced her smoking since a person below the poverty threshold is more likely than somebody at or above the threshold to be both a current smoker and not to have quit. (Flint, A.J. & Novotny, T.E. 1997)
The Health Belief Model (HBM) comes from the psychological and behavioral theorists. The premise is that there are two parts involved in health related behavior. “People are more inclined to engage in a health behavior when they think doing so can reduce a threat that is likely and would have severe consequences if it occurred.” (Brewer & Rimer, 2008, p. 152). The patient believes that a specific health action will prevent or cure the illness. How the individual responds depends on the perceived benefits and barriers of that health behavior.
The key concept of the health belief model includes threat perception (perceived threat), behavioral evaluation, self-efficacy and other variables. The threat perception has very great relevance in health-related behaviors. This perception are measured by perceived susceptibility (the beliefs about the likelihood of contacting a disease) and perceived severity (the feeling about the seriousness of contacting an illness and leaving it untreated). The behavioral evaluation is assessed by the levels of perceived benefits (the positive effects to be expected), perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of a health behavior), and cues to action (the strategies to activated one’s readiness). The self-efficacy key concept was not originally included in of the health belief model, and it was just added in 1998 to look at a person’s belief in his/her ability to take action in order to make a health related change. The other variables that are also the key concepts of the model include diverse demography, sociopsychology, education, and structure. These factors are variable from one to another and indirectly influence an individual’s health-related behavior because the factors influence the perception...
Most people think that nothing bad will happen to them (e.g. robbery, kidnapping, theft, rape, domestic violence and so on), but the truth is that no one is protected. It is widely known how powerful the personal experience can be regarding the recognition of risk and the eagerness to take to take precautions. Even when people fail to take precautions, this also can be attributed to experience, which means it needs an examination.
The seven stages are broken down and explain an individual’s actions towards their health behavior change. The first stage begins with the person being unaware of the issue. The person is does not know that there is a problem with their behavior so they do nothing to change it. In the second stage, the individual is unengaged by the issue. They know their behavior causes health risks or is dangerous, yet they choose not to do anything about it. In stage three, the individual is deciding what the best plan would be if they did chose to act. The person knows about the problem, they are interested in making a change, and they are taking initiative by planning towards their behavior change. Stage four then separates those who are aware of their health risk but they decide not to act. Stage five includes the individuals who do decide to act in their health behavior change. Acting occurs after stage five, and it is taking action to make changes in their lifestyle. Stage six does not include the maintenance because it is completing the first step towards the health behavior change. Stage seven is the end of the precaution adoption process model. It is the maintenance of the actions taken towards the health behavior change. The precaution adoption process model is a very detailed theory about how individuals process the ways to make a behavior change. It helps determine where they are mentally, and also what they are willing to do to lower their health
Lets make it quite clear that change doesn’t happen overnight nor is it ever a process easy. To make a proper and healthy life-style behavior change, you must be dedicated to put in the time and effort that’s necessary for accomplish any goal. When I first began to become engage in exercising and becoming more physically fit I found that the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory demonstrated the progression that I have made throughout my change. To begin you do not need to try and follow through the steps provided in any given model or a theory, the reasoning behind that statement is that everyone is different so our stages of change will all differ from one another. For me, once I decided that I wanted to begin attending group-fitness classes I found that through the Health Belief Model I had to understand the perceived benefits of my change, I had to
Dr. Mishel’s model describes the concepts as: “stimuli frame”, “cognitive capacities”, and “structure providers”, (Mishel, p.225, 1988). The first concept, stimuli frame, refers to the form, composition and structure of the stimuli that the person perceives and is composed of three components: symptom pattern, event familiarity and event congruency (McEwen & Wills, p.243, 2014). Here we examine the consistency of symptoms, regularity of occurrence and the consistence between what is expected and experienced. According to Mishel, the next two concepts, cognitive capacities and structure providers, influence the stimuli frame. When dealing with illness, there is often times an abundance of information being shared with the ill and those affected. At a certain point, individuals can become overload with information and reach their cognitive capacity, causing a decreased in the amount of information that can be processed, directly effecting the stimuli frame. Next, structure providers, are those ‘pillars’ in an individual’s health journey that provide education to enhance a person’s knowledge base, provide social support (friends, family, or spiritual support) and provide credible authority (knowledgeable, trustworthy healthcare personnel, such as doctors and nurses). Other concepts include appraisal, inference (danger or opportunity), illusion and coping mechanisms”
According to Marcus (2007), the implementation of health programs requires logistical support like any other project depending on its intended outcomes. The logistical part is composed of supplying operating resources to experts within the centers, investment in promotional activities and application of resources to mobilize the communities to engage in the program during the five weeks. Funding and training require time for clearance and completion of courses respectively so logistical processes must begin and different times depending on their duration and required availability during the program.
Health psychology is a relatively new concept rapidly growing and could be defined as the biological and psychological influences affect ones behaviour also bringing in social influences of health and illness (MacDonald, 2013). Biological determinants consider genetic and biological factors of an illness whereas psychological determinants focus on the psychological factors such as why people behave the way they do when dealing with issues such as anxiety and stress. Models such as the Health Belief Model and Locus of Control were developed in attempt to try and explain psychological issues around a chronic illness such as breast cancer (Ogden, 2012). Sociological factors can cause an enormous amount of pressure for one to behave in a certain way for example gender roles in society and religious considerations when dealing with health beliefs. Health Beliefs can be defined as one’s own perception to their own personal health and illness and health behaviours (Ogden, 2012). There are also theories and models used to explain pain and coping with diagnosis such as Moos and Schaefer (1984) Crisis theory and Shontz (1975) cycle of grief people go through when being diagnosed with a serious illness.
Health psychology has been an appealing subject to me because it is relatable on many levels. Of the topics we have covered in class I think unit 3 have left the deepest impression. Stress is something everyone can relate to but probably understood on the minimum. Stress is a common experience for university students and without an exception I fall victim to it every time an exam or presentation comes up. Learning about this topic, what stress is, what it does to your body, how it affects your behavior has lead me to reflect upon past experiences in a way that I can learn to better cope with the effects of stress.
Recent studies revealed that in inoculation threat plays an important part as people tend to protect their beliefs when attacked, therefore threat evoke people's desire to make their attitude resistant to change . Besides if the issue is not a salient one inoculation would not probably take place. Furthermore inoculation has been very successful in health communication campaigns.