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Health Behavior Theories
Victoria Volz
Kaplan University
DNP 715
Health Behavior Theories
Introduction
”Theories tell how and why things work; how and why one variable is related to another. Research findings that are theory based can be place in a framework that advances science further than findings that are unconnected to formal theory.” (O'Connell, 2009, p. 33).
In order to be effective as a health care educator, a basic knowledge and understanding of health behavior theories is crucial to working with patients, students and colleagues alike. Theories help the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) to assess the basic educational needs of the client and develop interventions to address those needs. The behavioral and social sciences have contributed much to the development of health behavior theories. (O'Connell, p. 33). Several models will be discussed here.
The Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model (HBM) comes from the psychological and behavioral theorists. The premise is that there are two parts involved in health related behavior. “People are more inclined to engage in a health behavior when they think doing so can reduce a threat that is likely and would have severe consequences if it occurred.” (Brewer & Rimer, 2008, p. 152). The patient believes that a specific health action will prevent or cure the illness. How the individual responds depends on the perceived benefits and barriers of that health behavior.
This model has six constructs. These are:
(1) Perceived susceptibility, or the belief that one is at risk of acquiring the disease.
(2) Perceived severity, or the seriousness and consequences of having the disease.
(3) Perceived benefits, beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action...
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...l frameworks to simulation nursing education. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 4(1), 1-14. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.lib.kaplan.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=15&sid=e3dda041-daf0-4885-8661-cc2063933b4a%40sessionmgr4001&hid=4112
Werner, S. (2012). Intention to work with individuals with dual diagnosis: Testing the Theory of Planned Behavior among students from various professions. Health and Social Work, 37(2), 81-90. Retrieve from, http://web.ebscohost.com.lib.kaplan.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=19&sid=5aa37ce5-43a8-4ab6-b7b7-a0159b80862a%40sessionmgr4005&hid=4112
Wright, S. L., Perrone-McGovern, K. M., Boo, J. N., & White, A. V. (2014). Influential factors in academic and career self-efficacy: Attachment, supports and career barriers. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92, 36-46. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00128.x
It indicated that people will carry out a health-related action if they have the perception
There are many definitions to theory. According to Akers (2009) “theories are tentative answers to the commonly asked questions about events and behavior” (Akers, (2009, p. 1). Theory is a set of interconnect statements that explain how two or more things are related in two casual fashions, based upon a confirmed hypotheses and established multiple times by disconnected groups of researchers.
On the 1st of November 2013, I performed my first simulation on the module, Foundation Skills for Nursing. This simulation was on checking for vital signs in patients particularly, measuring the blood pressure (BP) which is the force of blood vessels against the walls of the vessels (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010). We also measured the temperature, pulse and respiratory (TPR) rates of a patient. This simulation’s objective was to engage us in practising some basic observation techniques taken on patients in and out of hospitals and to familiarise us on some of the tasks we will be performing when in practise. I will be applying the “What”, “So what”, and “Now what” model of reflection in nursing by Driscoll (2000).
People are psychologically influenced by what they see around them. Lissa Rankin, a writer for Psychology Today, said in her recent article The Nocebo Effect: Negative Thoughts Can Harm Your Health, “In another study, patients about to undergo surgery who were “convinced” of their impending death were compared to another group of patients who were merely “unusually apprehensive” about death. While the apprehensive bunch fared pretty well, those who were convinced they were going to die usually did. Similarly, women who believed they were prone to heart disease were four times more likely to die. It’s not because these women had poorer diets, higher blood pressure, higher cholesterol, or stronger family histories than the women who didn’t get heart disease. The only difference between the two groups was their beliefs” (Rankin). If a person is told that he or she is vulnerable to or diagnosed with conditions such as heart disease, that person becomes psychologically disturbed: possibly leading to them creating their own symptoms, often
On the other hand, I learned new concepts and terms. Simulation repeats some essential aspects of patient situation so that the situation may be understood and managed when it occurs in real clinical practice. Students in the school of nursing use the simulation learning center to learn and get experience in the field. The simulation is an educational process that requires the learner to demonstrate procedural techniques, decision making, and critical thinking. I learned that a simulation experience allows students to critically analyze their own actions and reflect on their own skill set. As a nursing student, I learned you have to complete clinical hours and practice in the simulation learning center. To become a certified nurse there are many training courses, exams to pass, and in the field experience to complete. Health professionals such as a nurse,
Simulated based education is a method that can be used within the field of nursing to accomplish this goal. Forms of Simulated Nursing Education Simulated based education is training and an educational method that can use many different types of simulators. Dr. Broussard said, “A wide range of simulators are available to nurse educators. Models range from equipment that is used to teach a simple, single skill such as intravenous access to very advanced, realistic equipment that can be used to simulate reality-based scenarios in a clinical setting such as an intensive care unit.” (Broussard, L. 2009)
2. Glanz, Karen (2008). Health Behavior and Health Education, 4th Edition; San Fransisco, Ca, John Wiley and Sons INC
Thorne, S. (2010). Theoretical Foundation of Nursing Practice. In P.A, Potter, A.G. Perry, J.C, Ross-Kerr, & M.J. Wood (Eds.). Canadian fundamentals of nursing (Revised 4th ed.). (pp.63-73). Toronto, ON: Elsevier.
Accomplishing my task appeared straightforward when applying my attitudes, perceived control, and subjective norms to the Theory of Planned Behavior; initially I had all necessary aspects to initiate a lifestyle change. Before starting my regiment I had the belief that regular running leads to decreased weight and improves overall health. Health and appropriate body size are both characteristics I evaluate as desirable. Subjective cultural norms highlighting the value of appropriate weight, active lifestyle, and overall health influenced my motivation to comply to these standards. In this way beliefs as well as evaluations of the beliefs influenced my motivation to start running. Additionally my perception of behavioral control and sense of self-efficacy are generally high. Since I accomplished similar goals in the past I felt it could be done again. My attitudes, subjective norms, and my perceived control indicate I had the behavioral intention to make the change to run more frequently.
The Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale (CDSE) was developed by Karen Taylor and Nancy Betz to apply Albert Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy expectations to the domain of career decision making. Career decision self-efficacy was originally defined by Taylor and Betz as the individual’s belief that he or she can successfully complete tasks necessary in making career decisions. To define these tasks, the theory of career maturity of John O. Crites was used. Crites’s theory defined career maturity as the individual’s degree of possession of five career choice competencies and five career choice attitudes. The five career choice competencies and sample items are: 1. accurate self-appraisal, 2. occupational information, 3. goal selection, 4. planning, and 5. problem
According to the Social Cognitive Theory, changing a behavior is a function of individual characteristics: a person’s sense of self efficacy about the new behavior, their confidence and overcoming barriers. The person’s behavioral capability, expectations and expectancies, their level of self-control and emotional coping ability; environmental factors: the social and physical environment surrounding individuals. The behavior of others (“modeling”) and the consequences of that behavior, which result in vicarious learning. The situation in which the behavior takes place, and perceptions of the situation by individuals. Reinforcements (negative or positive) that are given to individuals in response to the behavior; the interactive process of reciprocal determinism where a person acts based on individual factors and social/environmental cues, receives a response from that environment, adjust behavior, acts again and so on (Edberg, 2015). Ensuring that patients receive social skills training, self-efficacy boost, an educational component and vicarious learning is in alignment with the social cognitive theory. Unfortunately, there are certain regions that suffer from health and socioeconomic disparities that lead to extraordinarily poor health outcomes that would benefit from the implementation of the social cognitive
Health psychology is a relatively new concept rapidly growing and could be defined as the biological and psychological influences affect ones behaviour also bringing in social influences of health and illness (MacDonald, 2013). Biological determinants consider genetic and biological factors of an illness whereas psychological determinants focus on the psychological factors such as why people behave the way they do when dealing with issues such as anxiety and stress. Models such as the Health Belief Model and Locus of Control were developed in attempt to try and explain psychological issues around a chronic illness such as breast cancer (Ogden, 2012). Sociological factors can cause an enormous amount of pressure for one to behave in a certain way for example gender roles in society and religious considerations when dealing with health beliefs. Health Beliefs can be defined as one’s own perception to their own personal health and illness and health behaviours (Ogden, 2012). There are also theories and models used to explain pain and coping with diagnosis such as Moos and Schaefer (1984) Crisis theory and Shontz (1975) cycle of grief people go through when being diagnosed with a serious illness.
Owing to significant research into the relationship between physical, mental and social conditions, an awareness and understanding of psycho-social aspects in health care is vital (Walker et al, 2007). Those aspects are particularly important in nursing care, where an individual should be considered as the entire person with a need for physical, psychological, social, emotional, intellectual and even spiritual wellbeing (Holland et al, 2008). This essay will address psycho-social theory of health beliefs and attitudes in relation to nursing care. The essay will begin by considering how health beliefs lead to health behaviours. It will then discuss how theoretical models contribute to nursing care and their usefulness and importance in applying the theory to nurse patients.
The exact definition of theory is a system of ideas intended to explain something. When focusing on Natural sciences, theory is defined as a set of principles that predict and explain a phenomena. When focusing on Human sciences the key words are to study and interpret social phenomena within a thought. The most important key words that one has to keep in mind are interpret, predict and explain. Acknowledging this, theories come in different category’s such as: Descriptive theories, theories predicting a phenomena and theories that explain a phenomena.
Unhealthy Behavior is not in a state of good or normal health, in an unsound, weak, or unhealthy condition. Being a healthy person does not mean only being healthy in diet and being physically healthy. Mentally healthy is also part of being a healthy person. Unhealthy Behavior may not affect you physically however, there is always chance of affecting mentally. One of my Unhealthy Behavior is no doctor’s checkup. Regular health exams and tests can help find problems before they start which is the main reason behind the check ups. By getting check up and the right health services and treatments, it helps your chances for living a longer, healthier life. Stressing out is another unhealthy behavior which keeps me away to become a healthy