Hand Grip Strength Test Hand grip strength of both hands was assessed using a hand grip dynamometer (Anand Agencies, Pune, India). Subjects were tested in 6 trials, 3 for each hand alternately , with a gap of 10 seconds between trials. During the assessment subjects were asked to keep their arm extended at shoulder level, horizontal to the ground as has been described earlier (3). The maximum value obtained during the three trials was used for statistical analysis.(Dash & Telles, 2001)
Botolfsen, P., Helbostad, J. L., Moe-Nilssen, R., & Wall, J. C. (2008). Reliability and concurrent validity of the expanded timed up-and-go test in older people with impaired mobility. Physiotherapy Research International, 13(2), 94–106.
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M. I. De, Peccin, M. S., Silva, K. N. G. Da, Teixeira, L. E. P. D. P., & Trevisani, V. F. M. (2012). Impact of exercise on the functional capacity and pain of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia, 52(6), 876–82. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23223698
Timed up and go test
The intrarater and interrater reliability (intraclass correlation [ICC][1,1]) ranged from 0.55 to 0.97. The testretest reliability (ICC[1,1]) ranged from 0.54 to 0.85. The absolute measurement error of the total time (1.96 S(w) was 2.8 seconds. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0.74. The correlation (Pearson’s r) between ETUG total time and TUG after correcting for attenuation caused by restricted reliability in each of the measures was 0.85. (Botolfsen, Helbostad, Moe-Nilssen, & Wall, 2008) The TUG is a simple and low-cost test developed to assess the functional mobility of patients during daily activities. The test comprises the following sequence of movements: to stand up from a standard chair, walk a distance of 3 meters, turn, walk back to the chair and sit down again. The time taken by patients to perform the sequence of movement is recorded and compared before and after treatment.(Oliveira, Peccin, Silva, Teixeira, & Trevisani,
Huang C, Hsieh T, Lu S, Su F. (2011). Effect of Kinesio tape to muscle activity and vertical jump performance in healthy inactive people. Biomed Eng Online 10; 70. Kase K, Wallis J, Kase T. (2003) Clinical Therapeutic Applications of the Kinesio Taping Methods.
20. Watson CJ, Propps M, Ratner J, Zeigler DL, Horton P, Smith SS. Reliability and responsiveness of the lower extremity functional scale and the anterior knee pain scale in patients with anterior knee pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:136-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.1403
(2010). Evidence-Based Review of Manual Therapy Efficacy in Treatment of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Pain Practice, 10(5), 451-458. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2010.00377.x
The focus of this paper is mechanically and automatically break down the deadlift. It focuses on the four phases of the deadlift (The lift off, pull through, the lockout, and the lowering phase) as well as the muscles involved in lifting and lowering the load. The sole purpose of the deadlift is for health and fitness. It is a core lift that works nearly every muscle in the body. Muscles from the lower and upper extremities will go through a period of flexion and extension when moving through the phases. The deadlift should be performed safely, and with proper form to avoid injury. This paper shows and demonstrates the proper form of the deadlift. There are also a number of forces acting on the load and the athlete. Gravity and external forces will be an active part of lifting the load. Images and tables are provided in the paper to better understand the movements and muscles used when performing the deadlift.
Due to the strong and growing evidence in scientific literature on the beneficial effects of physical activity on health and well-being, the importance of Clinical Exercise Science has increased. Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Exercise, is a subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful in the sense that the improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is the objective (http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/; last accessed on 30 April 2016). Generally speaking, Clinical Exercise Science is an applied clinical branch which deals with the application of various exercise modalities for
The primary outcome measurement of this study will be the overall Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), including all 5 subscales: pain, symptoms, activities of daily living, sport and recreation function, and knee-related quality of life (Appendix B). The KOOS is a 42-question, self-assessed Likert Scale questionnaire. Each subscale of the KOOS is scored on a scale from 0 to 100, indicating extreme symptoms to no symptoms, respectively. All 5 subscales of the KOOS test have been validated for knee OA and knee injuries that can lead to posttraumatic OA, including meniscal injuries, for both short-term and long-term outcomes.31,32 However, the KOOS test as a total score has not been validated, and thus the KOOS User Guide recommends averaging subscale scores to use as a primary outcome measure for RCTs. As such, the overall KOOS score will be calculated in this manner. All KOOS subscales will also be used individually as primary outcomes.
The most common musculoskeletal disorder and a major cause of disability in people over 65 years is osteoarthritis (OA) (Felson DT et al, 1987) (1). According to World Health Organization (WHO) report, OA of knee is more likely to become the fourth most important cause of disability in women, and the eighth most important cause in men (Murray CJL, Lopez AD, 1997)(2) . Primary prevention of knee OA has become a major health care aim and a clear understanding of the risk factors is required to design preventive strategies. Many investigations reported obesity, previous history of knee injury, sedentary life style, hand OA (Heberden’s nodes), and a familial history of the disease are major risk factors for OA of knee (Cyrus Cooper et al, 2000) (3). In spite of recent advancements the causes and pathogenesis of knee OA remains largely unknown (A Teichtahl, A Wluka, F M Cicuttini, 2003) (4) but however there is increasing research interest in the contribution of biomechanical variables on progression and management of the disease (Andriacchi TP, 1991) (5).
Comparing the results from table 1 and 2, and figure 1.1 and 1.2, the dominant forearm is slightly stronger than the non-dominant forearm. The percent difference in the maximum grip strength is 11%. The stronger forearm has a higher ratio of average maximum grip strength compared to the area of the EMG absolute integral than the weaker forearm. The percent difference between in the slope of the force-EMG graphs is also
Chang (2006) mentioned that 6MWT measures the distance that patients can walk on a flat surface as fast as they can with stops needed by patients within 6 minute. In addition, 6 MWT can reflect the exercise level needed for daily tasks. Morales-Blanhir, Vidal, Romero, Castro, Villegas, Zamboni (2010) showed that the major indications for 6MWT are to measure the response to the intervention given to the patients and it can be used for measuring the functional status of patients, as well as a predic...
The patient must understand the capabilities and limitations for a better adaptation. Additionally, endurance and cardio vascular activities must be address. Also specific muscles strength as the hamstring, gluts and quads. Furthermore, gait training and stair step negotiating. Moving forward on specific interventions we can start training going up/down a 1 inches’ block using parallel bars to increase confidence, progress to higher height of block 2->4->6 inches. To work on endurance and cardio vascular fitness we can start just by walking and assess gait and impairments in the process. Also, to increase intensity UE ergometry can be used, this will help with cardiovascular and endurance. These different and simple exercises will give the patient the confident necessary to progress to more functional activities like using the stairs, and walking on different surfaces. Also, working on weight shifts will allow the patient to get to know his boundaries and how to approach different situations, weight shits might prevent falls. Additionally, working on strengthening quads, gluts and hamstring must be done. AROM with proper body mechanics might be a good starting point and assess the strength of those possible weak muscles. Progress to MREs followed by T-bands-and some cuff weights after endurance and cardio vascular fitness has been
Strength is an abstract concept with various meanings. Some meanings are more complex than others. Many people when they hear the word strength think of muscular men who can lift cars or comic book heroes that fly around their city saving people. More exists to the concept than just being muscular. Strength is also shown when one goes through something tough but stays positive and pushes through it anyways. Having strength can mean possessing the ability to accomplish hard tasks because of muscles, being firm or solidly planted in something, or withstanding your own and not giving up or giving in to the opposing force.
In this lab, the focus is on flexibility. Flexibility is having the ability to move completely among a full range of motion. This component of health is important because it helps an individual do their daily activities. If the individual has poor flexibility, doing daily activities may be harder to do since they do not have the full range of motion to do the activities they wish. Flexibility testing can be used for all populations. There are test which are modified so that older adults are able to do them. Using the results from a flexibility test, the administrator can see where the individual’s limitations are and see their range of motion. By knowing this information they can prescribe exercises that would benefit them and focus on the need
...defects or sensory impairment). In order to assess the functional capacity of upper extremity and performance, the following tests can be done
Anterior knee pain plagues the athletic community, the most common being runner’s knee or patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). One point or another in an athlete’s career they have experienced this kind of pain. When comparing between male and female athletes and who has the higher chance of knee pain, female athletes have a higher prevalence than male athletes (Dolak KL). There are several different mechanisms of patellofemoral pain a few being: pes planus,an increased Q angle, weak, tight or an imbalance in the quadriceps or hip muscles. Recently in my clinic site as the spring sports such as, baseball, soccer and track and field the athlete’s perform a lot of squatting, running, and kneeling which load the patellofemoral joint. We are now starting to see several and treat several athletes with patellofemoral knee pain. Each of them experiencing the pain from a different mechanism. As an athletic trainer we want to treat not only the symptoms, but the mechanism of injury to prevent further injuries down the road. If patellofemoral pain syndrome is not properly treated it can develop into chronic diseases such as chondromalacia or arthritis, maybe eventually leading to a total knee plan. (Lee SE) Treatment while the athletes are young and symptoms aren’t severe is key to preventing further injury.
An estimated 50 million Americans have suffered or are suffering knee pain or injuries. Most of these pains, sprains, and strains could probably have been avoided with proper conditioning (Fox, 147). I have had knee pain since my freshmen year of high school and have finally taken the initiative to find some exercises that will help ease this pain, and build muscle strength in the surrounding areas to avoid another possible injury.