Ankle sprains are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries and are especially relevant at all level of sport.1 Of all sports, the incidence of ankle sprain is higher in volleyball considering its non-contact nature.2 The most common ankle sprain occurs on the lateral or outside part of the ankle.3 Reports estimate that ankle sprains account for approximately 24% to 54% of all sport-related injuries and 23,000 persons get them per day in the United States.4
Lateral ankle sprain occurs when the ligaments that support the ankle get overly stretched or either partially or completely torn.1 This can occur when the foot twists inwards (foot is adducted in planter flexion).5 The ligaments involved with lateral ankle sprains are the Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATF), Calcaneofibular Ligament (CF), and Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTF).6 The Anterior Talofibular Ligament is the weakest and most commonly injured ligament in the ankle.6 The posterior Talofibular Ligament is rarely torn in the ankle sprain.6 Anterior Drawer Test can be used to assess the strength of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament and Inversion Stress Test can be used to evaluate the Calcaneofibular Ligament.6
Ankle sprains are divided into three grades ranging from mild to severe.6 A grade I sprain is defined as mild sprain with stretching and possible mild tearing of the ligaments without instability of the affected joint. There is swelling and mild stiffness around the joint but people can walk with minimal pain.6 A grade II sprain is defined as moderate sprain with partial tearing of the ligaments. Abnormal looseness of the ankle joint occurs when the ankle joint is moved in certain ways and ligaments will be tender when touched. People can walk with diff...
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19. Binkley JM, Stratford PW, Lott SA, Riddle DL. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. North American Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Research Network. Phys Ther. 1999;79:371-383.
20. Watson CJ, Propps M, Ratner J, Zeigler DL, Horton P, Smith SS. Reliability and responsiveness of the lower extremity functional scale and the anterior knee pain scale in patients with anterior knee pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:136-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.1403
21. Alcock GK, Stratford PW. Validation of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale on athletic subjects with ankle sprains. Physiother Can. 2002;54:233-240.
22. Bohannon RW. Intertester reliability of hand-held dynamometry: a concise summary of published research. Percept Mot Skills. 1999;88(3 part1):899–902.
Sussmilch-Leitch, S. P., Collins, N., Bialocerkowski, A. E., Warden, S. J., & Crossley, K. M. (2012). Physical therapies for achilles tendinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research , 1-16.
Ankle sprains have three degrees of injury ranging from 1-3. The level of the ankle sprain is determined by the amount that the ligament is torn or stretched. A grade one sprain is categorized as a slight stretching and damage to the fibers of the ligament. A grade 2 sprain is characterized as partial tearing of the ligament and abnormal laxity of the ankle. A grade 3 sprain is characterized by complete tear of the ligament if it can be pushed or pulled in certain movements there is gross instability. The movements of the ankle are abduction, adduction, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, and inversion, eversion. The ligaments of the ankle hold the ankle bones and joint into position. These ligaments protect the ankle joint from abnormal movements such as twisting, turning, and rolling of the foot.
Knee injuries are the second most common injuries in basketball players, as 14.7% of injuries affect the ACL. Statistics show that females have approximately 2.08 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures, while males only have 1.83 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures. More specifically, 7.4% of the time, males internal damage to their knee, such as ACL tears, and females have a staggering 15.9%.
This article is about the results of a survey conducted by three PhD’s; Janet Simon, Matthew Donahue, and Carrie Docherty, and was published by the International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training. The purpose of the survey was to determine Athletic Trainers current utilization of ankle support, and to determine ATs current attitudes towards the use of ankle taping and bracing. It gives some history and benefits of ankle bracing and taping, and how it has become a multimillion dollar industry, considering that 66-73% of all college athletes have reported an ankle sprain. Also, a third of people with ankle sprains will either re-sprain the ankle or report feelings of instability after the initial sprain. Ankle taping has become essential part of sports medicine,
The higher the infirmity, the lower the percentage. Global rating of Knee Function scales deliver a technique of attaining statistics in a more quick, flexible, and efficient way. Although, with any conclusion quota important readings of outcomes can only be accepted with the thought of the clinometric assets, powers, and flaws of the tool. Single leg hop tests is a technique that your doctor may practice to define your aptitude to return to exercises, sports and events after knee surgery. It is generally practiced throughout the return to function stage in an anterior cruciate ligament restoration procedure. This is used to evaluate the useful firmness of your knee (Shen. W,
Murray H, Husk L. (2001) Effect of kinesio taping on proprioception in the ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31; A-37.
A 18-year-old male collegiate soccer athlete presented into the athletic training room with ankle pain. This ankle pain was due to a change of direction drill. The soccer team had been out on the field to get in shape for pre-season sprinting. The athlete had plantar flexed and inverted his left ankle. This athlete stated that he had no previous health issues prior to ankle in...
Anderson, D. I., & Sidaway, B. (2013) Kicking biomechanics: Importance of balance. Lower Extremity Review Magazine.
High school football players sustain a major proportion of season injuries. A major part of these regions are due to ligament sprains, targeted stretching exercises may be beneficial. The most injured players were those with the position of running back and linebackers. In the 2005-2006 season there were more than half a million injuries nationally of high school football players. This data was collected from over 100 high school football teams.
There are many injuries in general, but sports injuries? Sprains and Strains are the most common injuries in sports. “Sprains are injuries to ligaments, the tough bands connecting in a joint. Suddenly stretching ligaments past their limits deforms or tears them” (Hoffman 1). Ligaments are like springs in a sense that when you stretch a spring, it will return to it’s normal state unless they are
Anterior knee pain plagues the athletic community, the most common being runner’s knee or patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). One point or another in an athlete’s career they have experienced this kind of pain. When comparing between male and female athletes and who has the higher chance of knee pain, female athletes have a higher prevalence than male athletes (Dolak KL). There are several different mechanisms of patellofemoral pain a few being: pes planus,an increased Q angle, weak, tight or an imbalance in the quadriceps or hip muscles. Recently in my clinic site as the spring sports such as, baseball, soccer and track and field the athlete’s perform a lot of squatting, running, and kneeling which load the patellofemoral joint. We are now starting to see several and treat several athletes with patellofemoral knee pain. Each of them experiencing the pain from a different mechanism. As an athletic trainer we want to treat not only the symptoms, but the mechanism of injury to prevent further injuries down the road. If patellofemoral pain syndrome is not properly treated it can develop into chronic diseases such as chondromalacia or arthritis, maybe eventually leading to a total knee plan. (Lee SE) Treatment while the athletes are young and symptoms aren’t severe is key to preventing further injury.
...e foot, asks the athlete exactly what happened and is informed that there was a ‘snapping’ noise heard at the time of injury. Due to swelling it would be difficult to palpate the joint line if the ankle, but there is pain on palpation. The therapist will direct the athlete to perform active movements of the ankle; the movements were not produced by the athlete due to the amount of pain. The next step is to get the athlete off of the pitch safely. Due to the lack of active movement there will be hesitation to apply full pressure on the ankle and the unusual positioning it would be best for the therapist to splint the ankle with a SAM splint and then remove from the pitch according to the EAP(see appendix 1&4) (Wilkerson, A.J. etal (2010).
It is estimated that one million people visit a physician for ankle injuries. In sports, 10 to 30 percent of athletes suffer from ankle sprains. Ankle sprains will be further investigated through five topics. The five topics on ankle sprains will be a clear definition with causes, the different types, prevention, treatment, and ankle sprains in sports……………………..
Through this research we aim to identify which tool is most reliable in a clinical setting. The reliability of these measurements gathered only reflects their reproducibility in relation to the short time periods they were conducted in. Therefore, when relating back to clinical practice, reliability may differ. In a clinical setting there may be weeks between seeing a patient, consequently, the assessor may see a larger difference in the range of motion of the elbow resulting in different reliability
Ankle ligament injuries were reported as the most common injury for college athletes in the United States. Ankle sprains are most common in sports such as basketball, soccer, volleyball, and distance running sports. The author of Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports summarized the current understanding of the most common type of sport-related trauma; acute ankle sprain injury. The author first presents ankle anatomy in order for the reader to understand the movement of the ankle and all of the ligaments which assist the movement of the joint, then, explains how most injuries occur, and finally shows results of experiments conducted over the years and how doctors, physicians and athletes can learn to prevent these sorts