In this lab, the focus is on flexibility. Flexibility is having the ability to move completely among a full range of motion. This component of health is important because it helps an individual do their daily activities. If the individual has poor flexibility, doing daily activities may be harder to do since they do not have the full range of motion to do the activities they wish. Flexibility testing can be used for all populations. There are test which are modified so that older adults are able to do them. Using the results from a flexibility test, the administrator can see where the individual’s limitations are and see their range of motion. By knowing this information they can prescribe exercises that would benefit them and focus on the need …show more content…
of stretching before and after the individual exercise. There are many benefits in flexibility, such as, reduction of lower back pain, improvement in posture, prevention of muscles being sore after exercise, delay in muscle fatigue, and much more (Boyd, 2018). The purpose of this lab is to see changes over time within joints, identify joints within limited flexibility, and find bilateral imbalances (Boyd, 2018). An administrator can check a range of motion on a specific joint on an individual and check again a couple of weeks later to see if there was any improvement. Individuals in particular sports may be asymmetrical with their dominant hand due to the fact of overuse. The gold standard to measure flexibility would be the goniometer. Other test such as the YMCA Sit-and Reach and Canadian Trunk Flexion test can be used to measure flexibility. YMCA Sit-and Reach Test Have the client warm up before starting the test Have the client sit on the ground Place a yardstick on the floor between the legs of the client and tape is placed at the 15 in. mark The feet and heel should touch the edge of the tape so that it will be 10 to 12 inches apart Have the client reach forward and hold the position to where they can no longer reach for two seconds Record where the finger tips are Have the client repeat the process again and record Take the best number of both trials Canadian Trunk Flexion Test Have the client warm up before starting the test The client should sit on the ground with shoes off Have the client’s feet flat against the box The client should reach forward and hold the position to where they can no longer reach anymore for two seconds Make sure the knees have not left the ground Record where finger tips are Have the client do the test again
Record the best number of the two trials Goniometer: Hip Flexion Have the client lie on their back on a table Have the client bend one of their legs while the other leg remains flat Tell the client to bring their leg up as high as they can go Put the goniometer at the top of the hip and measure the degrees flexed Proceed with the same instructions for the other leg Goniometer: Hip Extension Have the client lie on the stomach on a table Have the client lift one leg while the other leg remains flat Ask the client to extend their leg up as high as they can go Place the goniometer at the top of the hip and measure the degrees extended Proceed with the same instructions for the other leg Goniometer: Shoulder Flexion Have the client stand up straight, nice and tall Make sure that the hands of the client is pointed medially Have the client raise their hand forward as high as they can go without twisting their core Put the goniometer at the greater tubercle and measure the degrees flexed Proceed with the same instructions for the other shoulder Goniometer: Shoulder Extension Have the client lie down on their stomach on a table The client’s hands should be at their sides Have the client extend their arm back as far as they can
go Place the goniometer on the greater tubercle and measure the degrees extended Proceed with the same instructions for the other arm *All methodology and procedures are from Dr. Boyd’s lectures and (Wilkins, 2014). Conclusion From looking at my results, my condition in flexibility is acceptable. Other than being below average on the YMCA Sit-and-Reach Test, I did well. One of the reasons that I might have done well with this lab is because we learned in class that females are more flexible than males. One of the reasons that females are more flexible than males is because of hormonal changes in their bodies. Research has shown that females outperform males in overall flexibility (Torre, 1993). Possible sources of error may have occurred since our classmates are not experienced in reading a goniometer. It is important to remember to align the goniometer correctly and know where the landmarks are to begin measuring. Another source of error is if the individual didn’t warm up before measuring flexibility. For the most part, I try to keep up with flexibility which is probably why I didn’t do too horrible on the tests. I know that I should keep up with flexibility so that in the future, when I become an older adult, I will not have to worry about doing my daily activities without a problem. The reason range of motion is important is because your client should only be prescribed exercises that are individualized according to their own range of motion (Range of motion exercises, 2001). It is important for me to remember when working with clients that they should only be doing exercises to their best ability and not every individual is the same. Some clients may have a higher range of motion than others.
Prior to intubation for a surgical procedure, the anesthesiologist administered a single dose of the neuromuscular blocking agent, succinylcholine, to a 23-year-old female to provide muscular relaxation during surgery and to facilitate the insertion of the endotracheal tube. Following this, the inhalation anesthetic was administered and the surgical procedure completed.
The protocol and conceptual overview of these procedures can be found under the header, “Properties of Skeletal Muscle” in NPB 101L Physiology Lab Manual Second Edition (Bautista & Korber, 2009, 9-17). The test subject for this lab was the Northern Leopard frog whose spinal cord and brain were severed. In order to carry out the experiments, the materials needed were one medium length surgical scissor, two hemostats and glass dissecting probes, a nine and four inch string, a cup of Ringers saline solution with an eyedropper, and a hook electrode. The software used to analyze and record the data was the BIOPAC system.
Over a three week period a test subject was instructed to come to the exercise physiology lab once a week. The purpose of the first week was to determine the baseline test data for the participant. During this first week, the subject was asked how many hours of sleep they had gotten the night before and how much they weighed. The subject was then instructed to put on a heart monitor and wear an O2 apparatus and begin running on a treadmill. This treadmill was set at zero incline for the beginning of the run until three minutes had passed. At the three minute mark the incline increased by 2.5%. After this the incline was continuously increased by 2.5% every two minutes. During this process, the VO2 and RER exchange rate of the subject was being tracked through the O2 apparatus. Their heart rate was recorded every 15 seconds. In addition, the subject was asked their perceived exertion at every increase in incline. The subject continued to run until they could not run anymore, at this time they would hop off the treadmill.
Another weakness in the experimental design was that the reliability of the experiment was very low. As each test subject was only tested against each amount of prior exercise once, the impact of random errors is likely very large, which can be seen by the spread of the data on the graph. Although, this was attempted to be rectified by averaging the results of all four test subjects, it does not improve reliability too much. Conclusion: The results of this investigation indicated that a relationship between the amount of prior exercise and muscle fatigue does exist, however the results are also not conclusive enough to speculate on what the relationship is. This means that the hypothesis “If the amount of time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitions increases, then the physical performance (number of repetitions) will decrease” cannot be supported or rejected due to the inconclusive data.
In this lab, I took two recordings of my heart using an electrocardiogram. An electrocardiogram, EKG pg. 628 Y and pg. 688 D, is a recording of the heart's electrical impulses, action potentials, going through the heart. The different phases of the EKG are referred to as waves; the P wave, QRS Complex, and the T wave. These waves each signify the different things that are occurring in the heart. For example, the P wave occurs when the sinoatrial (SA) node, aka the pacemaker, fires an action potential. This causes the atria, which is currently full of blood, to depolarize and to contract, aka atrial systole. The signal travels from the SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node during the P-Q segment of the EKG. The AV node purposefully delays
Contrast the differences between force and torque. Use each term to describe a particular aspect of a muscle’s contraction relative to a joint. (6 pts)
Fatigue, decreased mobility and impaired balance from the rheumatoid and osteoarthritis pain also increases the risk of falls (Stanmore et al., 2013). Age related changes such as sarcopenia causes muscle tone and strength to decrease, especially in the lower limbs and as a result, balance and gait become impaired (Culross, 2008). These factors significantly influence the risk of falls and also affect the ability to carry out daily activities therefore, with a physiotherapists assistance, the nurse could introduce a personalised exercise regime to enhance muscle tone and strength (Culross, 2008). According to Neuberger et al (1997), exercise lessens fatigue and improves muscle tone and balance in older people. Recommending an exercise programme for Mrs Jones that incorporates strength training exercises and aerobics, could potentially improve muscle tone and strength and as a result improve mobility, balance and lessen the risk of falls (Bird, Pittaway, Cuisick, Rattray & Ahuja, 2013). The nurse could also suggest safety precautions such as advising Mrs Jones to use a mobility aid (Gooberman-Hill & Ebrahim,
During testing, most patients are found to need correction in all 14 balance tests, depending on the ailment the patient complains of and how well they react to the muscle correction will tell whether or not further treatment is needed. The physical aspect of the therapy, despite the name and basic principles, is not the only aspect required for optimal results. One must also report lifestyle and diet changes ranging from daily stress levels to pat...
...the study the participants had to be female and obtain permission from a doctor to clear them for physical activity. The setting was semi-naturalistic. Participants were randomly assigned to the control or the experimental group. Measurements were taken for BMI and blood pressure, as well as a blood sample to determine the participant’s baseline. They were also assessed for activity tolerance, agility and flexibility. The participants in the experimental group underwent 16 weeks of exercise training that consisted of walking, stretching and balance exercises. The classes were held three-times per week, for a duration of about 60-70 minutes. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in all variables measured in the experimental group. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL cholesterols as well as BMI and blood pressure had all decreased.
There are several tests and measure that can be done in a physical therapy examination in order to rule out certain diagnoses, as well as come closer to a physical therapy diagnosis. First, an observation of the patient standing, walking, and sitting should be done in order to associate any visible deficits in the patient that could be associated to the ...
Due to the strong and growing evidence in scientific literature on the beneficial effects of physical activity on health and well-being, the importance of Clinical Exercise Science has increased. Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Exercise, is a subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful in the sense that the improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is the objective (http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/; last accessed on 30 April 2016). Generally speaking, Clinical Exercise Science is an applied clinical branch which deals with the application of various exercise modalities for
Stretching may also help manage stress of daily living. Adequate ROM is considered to be important because it may be involved in long-term injury prevention. Those with poor flexibility may risk exceeding the extensibility limits of the musculoskeletal unit. Stretching could also play an important role in maintaining flexibility, which declines with age. One study found joint ROM is improved transiently and chronically after flexibility exercise after approximately 3-4 weeks of stretching 2-3 times per week. Unfortunately, stretching may be lacking in too many ways. Stretching is contraindicated in the recovery process and found to decrease blood flow, capillary region oxygenation, and velocity of red blood cells contrary to popular belief. Research has found no positive effect on muscle soreness relief (DOMS). Furthermore, stretching, whether conducted before, after, or before and after exercise, does not produce clinically important reductions in muscle soreness. No studies have been able to consistently link regular flexibility exercise and reduction in musuclotendinous injuries, or prevention of lower back pain. Additionally, muscle strength and muscle power have been shown to decrease by 5.5% and 2%, respectively, when holding a stretch longer than 30 seconds. Therefore, static stretching before a workout may be counterproductive. There is no agreement in the scientific literature on whether static stretching prior to endurance exercise is helpful, though, it’s theorized that greater flexibility does impair performance in sports where a high degree of flexibility isn’t required. In conclusion, more evidence is needed to analyze the effect of stretching duration, and how different stretches affect muscle performance. Current consensus states major flexibility exercise programs should come after resistance
Health checkups, physicals, and several tests have become more necessary as a result of increased prominence among joint, heart, and mental diseases that come with age. As you can imagine, a person’s health may affect their
The human body is a complex network that has many organ systems designed for proper functioning. As the body ages over time, it also affects the effectiveness of these organ systems. One of the organ systems that demonstrates the most significant age-related changes have to be the musculoskeletal system. The musculoskeletal system provides the most obvious external signs of aging because its main function is to provide protection, support and movement of the muscles and bones (Aldwin). These functions are essential to the mobility and strength of the adult population in order to preserve their quality of life.
By testing cardiovascular fitness, these health risks can be identified and addressed before they are turned into greater problems. The techniques we used this semester include aerobic field tests, semi-laboratory tests, step tests, and laboratory VO2 max tests. Each technique required a different application, and had its own list of advantages and disadvantages which I will further discuss.