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The evolutionary theory
Sociocultural theory
The evolutionary theory
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Evolutionary approaches focus on the relation between emotions and survival. Culture approaches focus on the social like and assume that emotions are adaptive and functional
(Keltner, Oakley & Jenkins, 2013). The evolutionary approach believes that emotion is a biological process and the culture approach believes that it is interpretation, language, beliefs and roles. The culture approach is unsure whether emotions are universal but the evolutionary approach believes that it is universal.
Theoretical Principles of Emotions
Key principles regarding emotions have changed several times. Currently there are a total of seven theoretical principles. The first principle is that that emotion feeling derives from evolution and neurobiological development is the key psychological component of emotions and consciousness and its more often inherently adaptive than maladaptive (Izard, 2009). This principle seems to be aligned with the evolutionary approach. This principle is also aligned with the origins of emotions. Russell (2003)
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This is slightly similar to the cultural perspective because culture can impact a person’s emotion and their social and behavioral skills. The sixth principle is that emotion schemas become maladaptive and may lead to psychopathology when learning results in the development of connections among emotion feelings and maladaptive cognition and action. Emotions are tethered to an object so it is rational to believe that emotions can lead to maladaptive cognition and action because emotion can impact a person behavior. For example, if a person is feeling sad this can lead to MDD depending on how long it lasts which is a form of
Van Goozen, Stephanie H. M. (ed.). Emotions: Essays on Emotion Theory. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Hillsdale, N.J., 1994
In the video “This Time with Feeling,” Antonio Damasio is a professor in the field of neuroscience at the University of Southern California and an author of books associated with the relationship between the brain and consciousness. In terms of his studies, Antonio Damasio, by contrast with some biologists and other experts, demonstrated that the emotion and feeling play a main role in various kinds of life-regulating processes in the society. Furthermore, the emotion and the feeling will be reflected or transmit to the brain as the stimuli, and then they will create a variety of body states.
One difference in social psychology and cultural psychology is the impact in an individual’s life. While both are
There are seven different perspectives in modern psychology, in which help us to try to understand and explain human behavior in different ways. The biological perspective looks at the physical causes of behavior. Evolutionary perspective looks at evolution and how natural selection influences one’s behavior. Both the biological and evolutionary perspective sees that behavior is effected by one’s biological background. Cognitive perspective is based on how the behavior is influence by a person’s mental process. Psychodynamic perspective looks ones unconscious mental process and how their childhood can have impact on their behavior. Both the cognitive and psychodynamic perspective looks study inside the mind. Behavioral perspective looks at
There are four main perspectives into defining an emotion, these being the evolutionary perspective, the biological perspective, the cognitive perspective and the social constructionist perspective. It is of course important, however, to begin with the earlier perspectives of emotion before we delve into the above main perspectives. Early perspectives into emotion stem from Plato, Descartes and Aristotle. Plato said that emotion responds to the object of impulse without thought or a system of regard to the overall good of a person as a whole. According to Plato, emotions are uncontrollable forces that conflict or interfere with reason and that emotions should be controlled by reason. He proposed a dualist conception of the mind and the body, in which there ...
only shape emotions but also reflect the dominant views of emotion, their relative importance, and the socially accepted ways of dealing with them. It is frequently assumed that feeling rules create a tense relationship between socially expected emotions and actually experienced emotions. This tension gives rise to “emotional dissonance” or “emotional deviance” (Hochschild, 1983). Hochschild notes that feeling rules are effective in principle in two ways: as individual expectations of how we (and probably others) usually or “normally” feel in a specific situation (e.g., we expect to feel bored during the lecture of a certain colleague) or as social expectations how we should feel in this situation (Hochschild, 1979).
According to Shott, the influence of an individual upon emotion is “critical”, with personal experience influencing the creation, experience, and interpretation of each emotion (Shott, 1979, p. 1320, para. 4; p. 1323, para. 2). In this frame, individual emotional definitions and interpretations are both mediatory processes and formative processes; meaning that they are both influenced by, and influence, physical emotional states, cultural and social norms, and individual beliefs and experiences. As mentioned earlier, Hochschild similarly theorizes that the personal management of an emotion not only alters what is experienced, but directly affects its creation (Hochschild, 2012, p. 27, para. 2). It is of interest to note that contemporary research has shed light on the practice of personal modification and management emotion by showing the management of emotional facial expressions to begin approximately around the age of two years old (Lewis, Sullivan, & Vasen, 1987). This indicates not only that emotion work is learned very early in life, but presents the possibility that after years of practice, specific emotion work may become a habitual response.
The Biological Perspective provides us in a unique way, because it seeks the relationships between the brain, hormones, heredity, behavior, and mental processes on the other. It is proof that our brains play a big part in our thoughts and our actions. Our brain is what makes our body function. Have you ever tried to wake up from a good night’s rest and couldn’t get up? Your body was awake, but your brain wasn’t. Once your brain awakens, your body functions properly. You are then able to think. Your hormones are an example of what makes up your moods. Your moods are what make up your behavior. Your behavior then puts focus on your mental processes. Heredity comes from something you could have picked up a family member, which can play a part in the person that you are today.
Although Lazarus, similarly to Zajonc, believes that emotion and cognition are two separate processes, Lazarus thinks the belief is outdated. While Zajonc belief that emotion and cognition are two separate processes that can still be used for further work in the field. Also, Zajonc supports the idea that “emotion occurs very early in an encounter, perhaps even at the outset, cognitive processes, which take time to unfold, cannot be essential to emotion” (Lazarus, 1981), while Lazarus supports the belief that emotion does emotion does not flow from cognitive processes.
Describe the theory regarding the three basic elements of emotions (pages 399-416 Psychology for South Australia Textbook)
The main distinction between culture and evolutionary bases of emotions is the origin and function of these emotions. The evolutionary perspective would say, “Generally prepare us for action that serves our best interests” (1/25). To get a stronger sense of what this means, it helps to look at the very beginning, natural selection. And natural selection would say that emotions increase the likelihood to keep our offspring and us safe. Basically, emotions goal in this perspective would keep us alive and flourishing. This is a little different to the culture perspective, which would say, “Emotions--Prepare us for action that serves our best interests within a culture, and also serves culture’s interests” (1/25). Although they both are rather
Cultures play an extremely important role in our nationality because it determines who we are, what we eat, how we dress, what language we speak and how we behave. These are all the aspects of the cultures that are passed down from generation to generation. However, cultures can also be affected by many other factors. According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s theory (Kohls 1981), one of the factors that can have an impact on cultures is nature. As explained in Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s theory, there are five common human concerns which are the human nature, man-nature relationship, the idea of time, activity, and social relationship with others (Kohls 1981). One of the human concern that shows nature can impact cultures is the man-nature relationship.
a) Evolutionary theories: Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.[13] Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival.
The biological perspective seeks to explain the behavior of people in terms such as brain processes, evolution, and genetics. The psychological perspective says that behavior is the result of psychological processes within individual people. This perspective wants to explain how mental processes affect thoughts, actions, and feelings. The sociocultural perspective stresses the impact that social and cultural context have on people. In america alone there are multiple cultures that people interact with every day. The sociocultural perspective wants to explain how this shapes people.
Emotions is a complex and heterogenous topic and require more research to be fully understood. Emotions, mood, and emotion disorder are different from each other. The main difference between these three aspects is the length of time. Although we all experience emotions we do not all experience them the same. Our culture can impact the way we feel and share our emotions. There are currently seven theoretical principles of emotions highlights the viewpoint. Facial expression are one way that we can view emotions and expressed them. Some facial expressions are universal such as anger and can be seen by the tension on a person’s