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6 elements of the health belief model
Component of the health belief model
Component of the health belief model
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An Evaluation of the Health Belief Model
The goal of this paper is to evaluate and discuss the Health Belief Model, its origins, development, key terms and application; review current research that uses the health belief model as a framework for evaluating health related behaviors and provide an example of how the theory can be applied in modern nursing practice.
History of the Health Belief Model
In the nineteen fifties, a group of social psychologists at the United States Public Health Service developed the Health Belief Model (HBM) in an attempt to understand the widespread failure of people to participate in screenings for asymptomatic disease; an early example being the failure of large numbers of adults to participate in free and convenient
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The various constructs of the HBM are based on the theory that behavior depends mainly on two variables; the value placed on a health goal and the perceived probability that an action will achieve that goal when applied to health-related behaviors (Janz & Becker, 1984). These values translate into the desire to avoid illness (or if ill, to get well) and the belief that a certain action will prevent or cure illness (Janz & Becker, 1984). Although the HBM is the most commonly used theory in health education and promotion, the model does have its limitations. First, the model does not account for individual attitudes and beliefs that determine health behavior. It does not take into account habitual behaviors such as smoking. The HBM does not account for economic or environmental factors nor does it consider behaviors performed for non-health reasons. Additionally, there are assumptions that the same health information is readily available to everyone (Boston University School of Public Health, 2013). Finally, the Health Belief Model does not suggest a strategy for changing behaviors; it is more descriptive than explanatory (BUSPH, 2013).
Despite its limitations, the collection of data on health beliefs of a community, group or individual allows for better planning of more effective programs, treatments, interventions and teaching regarding prevention and disease (Stretcher & Rosenstock,
DiClemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., & Crosby, R. A. (2013). Health Behavior Theory for Public Health: Principles, Foundations, and Applications. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
It indicated that people will carry out a health-related action if they have the perception
The Health Belief Model is a framework that is used for understanding service user’s health behaviours. The Health Belief Model is based on believing that a service user will seek health care related action if they believe that they are at risk of developing a certain condition and also if they believe that they can successfully and confidently take action to avoid getting the condition. A conceptual framework that describes a person's health behavior as an expression of health beliefs. The model was designed to predict a person's health behavior, including the use of health services, and to justify intervention to alter maladaptive health behavior. www.medical-dictionary.com (accessed 1/11/2016).
“Healthy People provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans.” ( United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Healthy People 2020 , 2011). It acts as a national guide for disease prevention and health promotion. There are various objectives and goals which serve as the guideline to achieve overall improvement in health . ‘Educational and Community-Based Programs’ is one of them. According to U.S Department of Health and Human Services the main goal of these programs is to “Increase the quality, availability, and effectiveness of educational and community-based programs designed to prevent disease and injury, improve health, and enhance quality of life.” (HHS, Healthy People 2020, 2011). This particular goal of Healthy People 2020 focuses on increasing the number educational and community based programs to increase awareness about disease prevention and health among every individual of the society. It focuses on educating them on various topics including chronic diseases, substance abuse, prevention of injury and violence to encourage and enhance health. It emphasizes on increasing the quantity and quality of such programs so that a larger population could benefit from the program and gain effective knowledge to achieve a healthy life.
Aim of this paper is to examine and present the application of social cognition models in the prediction and alternation of health behavior. Social cognition models are used in health practices in order to prevent illness or even improve the health state of the individuals in interest, and protect their possibly current healthy state. This essay is an evaluation of the social cognition models when used to health behaviors. Unfortunately it is impossible to discuss extensively all the models and for this reason we will analyze three of the most representative cognitive models to present an integrated idea of their application.
Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education & Behavior, 11(1), 1-47.
as a public health intervention to promote healthy lifestyles, it often is not realized there is
The HBM has four concepts; (1) perceived susceptibility is the personal belief that condition or illness is unavoidable, (2) perceived severity- this is personal or individual view of the amplitude of the illness and the consequences, (3) perceived benefits, individual thoughts of the availability and the recommended actions to avoid such as smoking cessation. (4) Perceived barrier refers to all the negative features of particular health action (Rawlett,
Health promotion includes providing activities that improve a person’s health. These activities assist patients to “maintain or enhance their present levels of health. Health promotion activities motivate people to act positively to reach more stable levels of health” (Potter & Perry, 2005, p. 97). In order for nurses to assist patients in obtaining healthy lifestyles, they must first assess a patient’s perception of health. The World Health Organization defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (as cited in Potter & Perry, 2005, p. 91). There are many nursing theories that are based on an individual’s perception of health. This paper will explore how health promotion theories can assist nurses in understanding how these perceptions can affect a person’s lifestyle choices.
The textbook Social and Behavioral Foundations of Public Health (2010) indicates that "The foundation of social and
Persuading Rico to abandon his long-held beliefs about family structure, end of life and palliative care is a difficult task. As I discussed in the above prompt, the most immediate and effective action to take is “meeting Rico where he is.” In PMH we learned of three different theoretical models that could be implemented to help sway Rico’s decision: The Theory of Plan Behavior (TPB), The Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM). The Theory of Plan Behavior examines a patient’s behavioral beliefs, normative expectations and their locus of control in health decisions. The HBM expands on the TPB and includes variables of patient self-efficacy; this model also examines the perceived risk and severity the patient
The health promotion theory, proposed by Nola J Pender, was designed to assist nurses in helping their patients identify health risk factors and beneficial practices that help the patients actively determine which behaviors will result in achieving optimum health. The models “framework serves as a guide for investigating the complex biopsychosocial process that motivate individuals to engage in health behaviors that are directed towards enhancement of health (Eftekhar et al., 2011, p. 142). It defines health as a positive dynamic state rather than simply the absence of disease. The theory is directed at increasing behaviors an individual can perform to bring greater longevity and a high quality of life while enhancing the patient's level of well-being.
Health psychology is a relatively new concept rapidly growing and could be defined as the biological and psychological influences affect ones behaviour also bringing in social influences of health and illness (MacDonald, 2013). Biological determinants consider genetic and biological factors of an illness whereas psychological determinants focus on the psychological factors such as why people behave the way they do when dealing with issues such as anxiety and stress. Models such as the Health Belief Model and Locus of Control were developed in attempt to try and explain psychological issues around a chronic illness such as breast cancer (Ogden, 2012). Sociological factors can cause an enormous amount of pressure for one to behave in a certain way for example gender roles in society and religious considerations when dealing with health beliefs. Health Beliefs can be defined as one’s own perception to their own personal health and illness and health behaviours (Ogden, 2012). There are also theories and models used to explain pain and coping with diagnosis such as Moos and Schaefer (1984) Crisis theory and Shontz (1975) cycle of grief people go through when being diagnosed with a serious illness.
In the development for the cardiovascular campaign the best theory to use would be the HBM. Cardiovascular disease is the number one leading cause of death among both men and women within the United States (CDC, 2015). It’s important to be able to emphasize how the risk factor for this chronic illness can be avoided. The HBM would be the best theory to use because it helps provide insight on why people are not participating in preventative
With that being said if I were entering a community to introduce a health program I would talk to the people of the community in order to gather beliefs and behaviors related to health and illness from cultural forces. How could you