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Introduction laboratory techniques
Lab practicum chemistry
Introduction laboratory techniques
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Filtration – This is an experiment whereby inorganic and displacement chemical reactions take place to collect a salt and produce water through the process of filtration.
The chemicals used were a metal oxide, in this case, copper oxide and a dilute acid, sulphuric acid, aiming to separate the copper and oxygen to collect the pure copper (II) ions, which is a soluble salt. The colour should be a very characteristic blue.
Sulfuric acid is added to a beaker. A tripod and Bunsen burner is set up and the beaker is heated with the blue Bunsen burner flame until it nearly boils. Then a spatula is needed to add parts of the copper(ii) to the beaker, continuously stirring for about thirty seconds and adding the next portion, and stirring and so on until all of the copper oxide has been added. The beaker is then heated further for a couple of minutes, to ensure the copper oxide has completely reacted with the sulphuric acid.
The next stage of the experiment requires a filter funnel to be placed in the neck of the conical flask. Filter paper is to be folded into the funnel. The contents in the beaker needs to still be hot. This is swirled and slowly filtered into the funnel.
A clear blue solution should end up in the funnel. If any black powder is in the solution, filtration needs to be repeated.
The clear solution is poured into a beaker and left in a warm place for about a week to enable the water to evaporate. Crystals will begin to form as it dries, so these need to be filtered and the crystals need to be collected onto a paper towel to absorb any extra water.
(Nuffield Foundation, 2011)
(Nuffield Foundation, 2011)
Chromotography
This is a technique that is used when separating mixtures. A substance is put into a mediu...
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...ith ice water. The vacuum remains on to dry the aspirin. For it to be fully dry it may need to be left for a whole day.
Distillation
The purpose of distillation is to separate mixtures and purify liquids. A distillation experiment was carried out in the classroom to extract limonene from orange peel.
(Zamcopter, 2014)
The process of distillation starts with putting the orange into a blender. The stand and clamp are attached to the round bottom flash and the delivery tube. The now orange peel is put into the bottom of the flask along with boiling water. This needs to be refluxed for thirty minutes, which cools and captures the resulting vapours. The equipment is rearranged to the image below and the substance collected, limonene/ water distillate, is collected into the boiling tube.
(Expats, 2014)
Bromine water is added drop by drop to the distillate.
Start with the hot water and first measure the temperature. Record it. 8. Then pour 40 ml into the beaker. You can measure how much water was used by looking at the meniscus.
For this experiment we have to use physical methods to separate the reaction mixture from the liquid. The physical methods that were used are filtration and evaporation. Filtration is the separation of a solid from a liquid by passing the liquid through a porous material, such as filter paper. Evaporation is when you place the residue and the damp filter paper into a drying oven to draw moisture from it by heating it and leaving only the dry solid portion behind (Lab Guide pg. 33.).
3.) Divide your 30g of white substance into the 4 test tubes evenly. You should put 7.5g into each test tube along with the water.
Once the mixture had been completely dissolved, the solution was transferred to a separatory funnel. The solution was then extracted twice using 5.0 mL of 1 M
Experiment: First prepared a well plate with the appropriate amounts of distilled water, HCl, and Na2S2O3 in each well according to the lab manual. The well where the reaction
Repeat for each trial. Rinse volumetric pipette with vinegar and drain into the waste beaker. Weigh and record the mass of each 200mL beaker. Add 10.00mL of vinegar into each beaker and weigh them and record their again. Add 50mL of de-ionized water to the beakers and place them under the drop counter on top of a stir plate, submerging the pH meter into the solution. Place the stir bar into the beaker and carefully turn on the stir plate so that the stir bar spins without splashing or hitting the sides of the beaker or the pH
Then, I added 8 drops of concentrated phosphoric acid to the mixture. swirling it a few times. Then, I carefully took the flask to the station as I avoided trying to breath the vapors of the acetic anhydride. I put the e-flask into the beaker of water sitting on the hot plate in order to heat it for seven minutes. Once the seven minutes was up, my partner carried the e-flask to the fume hood, and added 3 mL of de-ionized water to the flask. She swirled it for a couple of minutes there. She brought it back tot he station where I gradually added 60 Ml of de-ionozed water to the mixture while my partner stirred the mixture constantly. I was able to see some of the aspirin beginning to form. In order to complete the crystallization process we cooled the flask in an ice-water bath from 4:00 until 4:20. As we waited I began to set up our filtration system. I used a ring stand, right angel clamp, three finger clamp, Buchner funner, filtering flask,rubber tubing, and filter paper in the Buchner funnel. I turned on the aspirator and pored some water over the filtering paper in order to create a good
H2O + NaHCO3 (5ml of 3M and 5ml H2O) to a separatory funnel, shake mixture, allow layers to separate and draw off lower layer into a 25ml Erlenmeyer flask 2. Add additional 5ml of water to funnel, shake as before. Add 15 ml NaCl to the funnel. Shake Bottom layer is white and NaCl was added to the mixture and allowed layers to separate.
Distillation uses the characteristic boiling points of pure liquids to separate these substances from a mixture. Once a pure liquid reaches its boiling point, it maintains this temperature as
The objective of this lab was to calculate the ratio of the copper sulfur compound to conclude whether the compound is made of copper I or II.
6. Place the test tube in the beaker. Secure the test tube and thermometer to the retort stand using clamps. Begin heating the water bath gently.
...row.Place a coffee filter in a funnel.Place the funnel in the top of the second glass canning jar.Slowly pour the solution over the filter,but not too much.Let it collect in the jar.Looking at the coffee filter,what do you see?Record your observations in the “Observations after separation” section.Carefully scrape off any particles on the filter with a spoon and put them in the first jar.
2. In the large beaker, put water and boil it completely. After that, remove the beaker from heat. 3. Sample tubes (A-D) should be labeled and capped tightly.
== § Test tubes X 11 § 0.10 molar dm -3 Copper (II) Sulphate solution § distilled water § egg albumen from 3 eggs. § Syringe X 12 § colorimeter § tripod § 100ml beaker § Bunsen burner § test tube holder § safety glasses § gloves § test tube pen § test tube method = == = =
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.