As depicted in the above illustration, the exhaust system for the automobile usually consists of the following components:
Cylinder head and Exhaust Manifold
Exhaust Pipes and Elbows
Catalytic converter
Center Pipe
Muffler
Tail Pipe
Further, the exhaust system is divided into three sections with different requirements as follows-
High temperature section: It consists of exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, diesel particulate filter.
It should have high resistance to scaling and low embrittlement tendency
Middle section: It contains pre-silencer and connection pipe
It should be resistant to high temperature and corrosion
End section: Rear silencer and tail pipe forms the end section.
It should be resistant to wet corrosion from the inside and corrosion due to brine from outside
Exhaust Manifolds
Although manifolds are mounted on the engine and often misinterpreted as an engine part, but it is indeed a key component of the exhaust system. Manifolds serve the function of collecting the exhaust/burnt out gases from the cylinders and transfer it to a single pipe. Manifolds are generally manufactured from Cast Iron on the basis of the following design criteria’s-
To use minimum amount of metal
To use occupy minimum amount of space and
To have minimum production cost
These design criteria’s make the manifold less efficient because of the time difference between the combustion and the exhaust of the gases. This even leads to back pressure.
Different countries have different nomenclatures, for example, the pipe connected to the exhaust manifold is called Engine pipe while the gas emitting pipe is called tail pipe in Australia.
Headers
Headers are circular in shape and consists of bends and folds in the tube path....
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...oxidation catalyst. Platinum is used both for reduction and oxidation.
Figure 2: Catalytic Converter [ ]
Muffler
Muffler is the main component of the exhaust system. It functions to reduce the noise produced in the engine during the combustion process. Since muffler has a larger cross-section, therefore when the sound waves enter the muffler these get broken decreasing the noise level. The following figure shows the muffler
Figure 3: Muffler of Automobile [ ]
A certain type of muffler design has holes in the chambers and the other uses fiberglass or plates to reduce the noise levels, the detail design concepts have been discussed in the design and construction section of this document. To reduce the sound level without the back pressure is always a challenge hence heavy gauge materials are used to make more efficient design with better manufacturing techniques.
Have you ever wondered how those big heavy construction equipment are able to work day in and day out and able to go through so much work? Well that’s because of their mechanics like me and I’m going to show you what they do day in and day out to keep them going. Thesis Statement: The career of diesel mechanic is challenging, because of everyday is something new and anything can happen. The research will describe the career of diesel mechanic, what is required to become a successful, and the impact this career has on society.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether if the sound is affected when it travels through different length pipes. The method used to do this experiment was created by using 5 different PVC pipes in the lengths of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 centimeters. Then, using a tuning fork, sound will be produced on one end of the PVC pipe and measured with a decimeter on the other end. This experiment was recorded using 5 trials for each independent level and the average decibels (dB) for each pipe length were recorded.
...the shock waves created by a shift, which acts as a brake, slowing the turbo and requiring it to be spooled up again. We lose boost pressure but keep our turbo speed this way.
This allows a high surface area to be exposed to the passing exhaust gases. The catalyst converts the harmful nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide into nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Catalytic converters work best when warm, so some car manufacturers are putting "pre cats" in the exhaust manifold to convert the gasses while the exhaust system is still warming up. Engine output is measured in two ways. The first is a direct measurement of engine output: Torque.
Air pollution can be decreased by lessening the amount of tailpipe emissions, which refers to the pollution which is created as a by-product of the engine combustion process and from the evaporation of the fuel itself, as stated on the web-site of the United States E.P.A (10/4, http://www.epa.gov/autoemissions/whycare.html). This refers to the actual fue...
Bronchioles- passage way where air passes though the nose or mouth and to the lungs.
The aerodynamic efficiency is the single most important element in designing a competitive car for professional racing or getting the car model on the front of a Car and Driver or Motortrend. Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of gases on objects and the forces created by this motion. The Bernoulli effect is one of the most important behind car design. The Bernoulli Effect states that the pressure of a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state, varies inversely with speed or velocity and a slower moving fluid will exert more pressure on and object than the same fluid moving slower (Yager). The goal of car designers is to make the air passing under a car move faster than the air passing over the car. This causes the air passing over the car to create more downforce than the air passing under the car creates upforce creating a force additional to the car’s weight pushing the car to the road. Large amounts of downforce are needed to keep light cars grounded at high speed and keep to cars from sliding around turns at high speeds.
so they could compress the air at a much higher pressure so the engine can
There are three parts that make up the respiratory system; muscle, lungs and the airway (respiratory system 2017). Although, there are three main parts the main organ is the lungs. The respiratory system delivers air to the alveoli, while giving and removing Carbon dioxide. Asthma is one of the many respiratory diseases. From personal experience, Asthma can affect one’s life in many ways. Asthma is when your airway is inflamed and produces a lot of mucus which makes it hard for one to breathe. Many are affected by respiratory diseases, because it effects their everyday
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. Their function is to regulate gas exchange. They are located in the thorax. They are connected to the trachea which conducts inhaled air through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (called bronchioles). The bronchioles eventually end in small air sacs called alveoli. It is in alveoli that occurs the gas exchange. Lungs are in contact with airway microorganisms and elements like tobacco. Therefore they have to be as clean as possible. To garantee their sterility, lungs need the action of the innate immune system. This section will describe immune cells present in the lung.
Firstly, the gas turbine engine operation begins with the air intake process. As of all internal combustion engine, oxygen is required to support the combustion of the fuel and the source of oxygen is from the fresh air that is taken in. Initially, the fan is rotated by a driving shaft that is powered by the turbine of the engine. A negative or vacuum pressure at the intake side is then created by the rotating fan. Next, the surrounding air is drawn towards the inlet and causes it to flow into the gas turbine engine inlet (Cengel & Boles, 2011). At the same time, the pressure on the other side of the fan is increased as it is compressed at a lower pressure ratio and causes the air in the outlet side of the fan to move fu...
Car pollutants cause immediate and long-term effects on the environment. Car exhausts emit a wide range of gases and solid matter, causing global warming, acid rain, and harming the environment and human health. Engine noise and fuel spills also cause pollution. Cars, trucks and other forms of transportation are the single largest contributor to air pollution in the United States, but car owners can reduce their vehicle's effects on the environment. Car pollution is one of the major causes of global warming. Cars and trucks emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which contribute one-fifth of the United States' total global warming pollution. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which causes worldwide temperatures to rise.
• Pipeline: pipeline transports unrefined petroleum and characteristic gas from oil fields to refineries and afterward to the core of the dial.
The roles of the circulatory and respiratory system both carry important responsibilities and are essential in their jobs to the human body. The circulatory system is one, if not the, most important system in the human body. The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Within the blood vessels, there are three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart is an organ made up of cardiac muscle that has a role similar to a pump. When the muscles in the heart contract, it pumps fresh blood away from the heart, through a main artery called the aorta, and to the organs and cells of the body. Nutrients and oxygen then enter the cells through diffusion of the tissues. The respiratory system transports oxygen to the circulatory system. When transporting oxygen to the circulatory system, this will in turn transport oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body. Aside from transporting oxygen to the body, the respiratory system also plays a role in the removal of carbon dioxide and other contaminants in the body. These two systems effectively and efficiently work together in order to supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide and any other
In my undergraduate years, I have acquired a strong background in the fundamentals of basic mechanical engineering, having studied subjects such as Strength of Materials, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Design of Machine Elements and Automobile Engineering. Whilst pursuing my diploma & degree courses, my interest for Automotive Engineering grew even more having learnt more on the different types of internal combustion engines, their configuration and importance. However, what I lacked was a practical understanding on these core areas of Automotive Engineering. To gain a better understandi...