The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether if the sound is affected when it travels through different length pipes. The method used to do this experiment was created by using 5 different PVC pipes in the lengths of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 centimeters. Then, using a tuning fork, sound will be produced on one end of the PVC pipe and measured with a decimeter on the other end. This experiment was recorded using 5 trials for each independent level and the average decibels (dB) for each pipe length were recorded.
The results collected during this investigation were as follows: 68.4 dB for the 10 cm pipe, 69.8 dB for the 20 cm pipe, 79 dB for the 30 cm pipe, 84.2 dB for the 40 cm pipe, and 84.2 dB for the 50 cm pipe. The hypothesis states: if the length of the PVC pipes were to increase and the frequency used in this experiment remained the same, then the sound produced from the pipe will have a lower amplitude each time. According
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to the data, the amplitude actually increased each time, thus refuting the hypothesis. However, it was found that depending on how long the pipe is to the frequency of the tuning fork, the pipe would have to be a certain measurement for the change in sound to be heard. Sound is basically vibrations that travel through air which mostly consists of wavelengths, frequency, and intensity. It usually occurs when molecules vibrate which produce wavelengths and depends on the energy that created it and the material it goes through. Wavelengths are the distance between successive crests and can have certain shapes and lengths. Frequency is the rate at which something is repeated over a certain amount of time and is usually measured in hertz (Hz). Wavelengths and frequencies are directly related with each other because “lower frequencies have longer wavelengths…because the longer wavelengths refract or bend more easily around objects than do shorter ones” (General Information about Sound).To determine frequency, the formula, frequency= wave speed/ wavelength or f=c/λ can be used. Pitch is the quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it. Constant pitches are when certain sound waves are played simultaneously. Also, high pitches corresponds to a high frequency wave and a low pitches corresponds to a low frequency sound wave. “Sound or pressure waves are made up of compressions and rarefactions. Compression happens when particles are forced, or pressed, together. Rarefaction is just the opposite; it occurs when particles are given extra space and allowed to expand” (Vibration). Different types of waves include longitudinal waves, which are waves that travel in the same direction, transverse waves, which are perpendicular to the particle direction, and surface waves, which travel at the surface with the particles. 1. With one of the PVC pipes, use a meter stick and mark the location of the 10 centimeter dash on the PVC pipe. 2. Cut the PVC pipe to that precise length and do the same thing for the pipe lengths of 20, 30, 40, and 50 centimeters. 3. After the pipes are cut and prepared, place the 10 centimeter pipe on a flat surface. 4. Place the tuning fork with the open side of the box facing the pipe. 5. Place the decimeter on the other side of the pipe, opposite of the tuning fork. 6. Turn on the decimeter and wait until there is no outside noise to be heard. 7. Use the tuning fork sound indicator and hit the tuning fork near the middle. 8. Record the highest number of decibels shown on a data table and describe the observations noticed throughout the experiment. 9. Reset the tuning fork and decimeter and prepare for the next 4 trials. 10. Repeat steps 3-9 for the pipe lengths of 20, 30, 40, and 50 centimeters as well. The problem being studied in this experiment is to determine whether if the sound produced is affected by different lengths of PVC pipes.
It was proposed that if the length of the PVC pipes were to increase, then the sound produced will have a lower amplitude each time because the sound will lose energy as it continues in the pipe for a certain amount of time. However, the data actually showed that with every increase in pipe length, the amplitude got louder as well, thus refuting the hypothesis. These results made sense because what was created inside the PVC pipes was a standing still sound wave, or a resonance wave. These kinds of waves have certain locations on its wavelength in order for the change in sound to be heard, which it usually half a wavelength. With this, the tuning fork is 83.3Hz and a usual wavelength is about 300Hz, 300/83.3 = 3.6 meters, which is about 4 meters (half = 2 meters). So for the change in sound to be heard, the pipes had to be about 2 meters in change according to the frequency of the tuning
fork. Although the experiment was controlled, there were still some possible sources of error. Sources of error include how the sound can change depending where the funnels are placed prior to the tuning fork box, how hard the tuning fork is hit can affect the sound, and the outside noise can interfere with the data. The tuning fork is placed on top of a box that allows sound to travel to one side. However, the funnels were small, so they couldn’t receive the entire sound concentration from the tuning fork. Since the sound creation is done by hand, there is a high chance from not always hitting the tuning fork with the same force every time. Lastly, this experiment wasn’t done in a room full of silence, but with some outside noises that could has affected the decimeter’s numbers. These errors could be avoided in the future by having something cover the outside area around the box and have it concentrated through the funnel, using a computer based sound instead so the amplitude of that sound will remain the same the entire experiment, and to do this experiment in a quiet location where there are a minimal to none outside noise around.
The author fully supports the piping plovers and in order to sway readers the author establishes an emotional connection with the readers and integrates many facts throughout the article.
As a result, their habitat is being destroyed, leaving them with no place to live and to nest their young. They are also being disturbed by human activities near their habitat.
This matches the frequency of different pitches and the current is sent to an amplifier, so anyone can "rock out!" ... ... middle of paper ... ... This is due to the harmonics that tubes create, which makes the amp seem much louder.
In order to further improve the accuracy of the experiment, I will use a sound recorder which has
Pipefitting is a good trade; it is a very common job in Eastern Kentucky. It is fairly easy to become one in Kentucky. Most of the time a pipefitter is carrying on from his/her family, say that it has been going on for generations and they just keep it going.
First, a discussion of the ear physiology is needed. Vibrating air moving at different frequencies hits the eardrum which causes the middle ear's three bones to move accordingly. The stapes, one of these inner ear bones hits on the oval window of the inner ear, and because the inner ear is filled with fluid, the bulging of the oval window causes this fluid to slosh around. The round window, also in the inner ear, compensates for the increased pressure by bulging outward. The inner ear has two functions, to transduce sound via the cochlea and to maintain a person's vertical position with respect to gravity via the vestibular system (1). . But here, we will only consider the transduction of sound. The cochlea is filled with hair cells that are extremely sensitive and depolarize with only slight perturbations of the inner ear fluid. At the point of depolarization, a neural signal is transmitted and on its way to the brain. This nerve impulse travels to the auditory nerve (8th cranial nerve), passes through the brainstem, and then reaches the branched path of the cochlear nucleus: the ventral cochlear nucleus or the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The nerve signal that passes through the ventral cochlear nucleus will reach the superior olive in the medulla where differences in timing and loudness of sound are compared, and location of the sound's origin is pinpointed (1). The nerve signal that crosses the dorsal cochlear nucleus ultimately is analyzed for sound quality.
This experiment will find, experimentally, the acoustic impedance of paraffin and water. This will be done by measuring the density of these materials and the speed of sound through them. The values obtained for the acoustic impedance will be used to find the reflection coefficient of the boundary. This value will be checked by measuring the amplitude of reflected waves off a boundary and then finding the reflection coefficient from these measurements. If the two values obtained for the reflection coefficient are close, then the acoustic impedance measurement...
Guitar pickups are composed by a series of tools. The output voltage which varies beteween 100mv rms to over 1 v rms for some of the higher output types. The pickup sound which turns of wire in proximity to each other have an equivalent self-capacitance that, when added to any cable capacitance present, resonates with the inductance of the winding. Hambuckers, sensors, and preamps. Piezoelectric pickup, dual pickup,and piezoelectric violin bridge pickup are other components of the guitar. There are also double system pickups, multi-transducer pickups, optical, and active and passive pickups. They are arranged within the guitar by having magnetic polepieces. These polepieces centers should perfectly align with strings, or sound is suboptimal as the pickup would capture only a part of the string’s vibrational energy.
Sounds are produced by the vibrations of material objects, and travel as a result of
The Scholar: I think that's more a function of sound wave vibration than anything else.
2013. The. Recording Manual - Construction. [online] Available at: http://www.johnlsayers.com/Recmanual/Titles/Acoustics3.htm [Accessed: 25 Nov 2013].
Investigating What Factors Affect the Efficiency of Siphoning I have chosen to investigate siphoning because as a kid I was always intrigued and puzzled by this "phenomena" when I used to clean my fish tank. The difficulty factor also played a major role. I wanted to do something which could be carried out comfortably in a relatively short time. An investigation, which is not so demanding on the practical side to allow more time for processing of the data captured. =
In acoustical problems the sound intensity is expressed by another convenient unit called decibel (dB) which 1/10 of bel unit.
What distinguishes sound waves from most other waves is that humans easily can perceive the frequency and amplitude of the wave. The frequency governs the pitch of the note produced, while the amplitude relates to the sound le...
velocity of sound in applications like airplanes travelling at high speeds, projectiles etc. If the Mach number of the flow field is less than or equal to 0.3 then the flow field is considered as incompressible. The flow Mach number more than 0.3 is compressible. The flow can be classified as follows depending on the value of Mach number