The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. Their function is to regulate gas exchange. They are located in the thorax. They are connected to the trachea which conducts inhaled air through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (called bronchioles). The bronchioles eventually end in small air sacs called alveoli. It is in alveoli that occurs the gas exchange. Lungs are in contact with airway microorganisms and elements like tobacco. Therefore they have to be as clean as possible. To garantee their sterility, lungs need the action of the innate immune system. This section will describe immune cells present in the lung. The immune system is a set of different structures and …show more content…
The main difference between both immunities resides in their specificity. The adaptive immune system (called as well acquired immune system) creates a memory after a first interaction with pathogens. It detains the ability to recognise specific elements of a pathogen (called antigens) in order to eliminate them. Therefore, the acquired immune system will create antibodies able to interact with these antigens (Janeway et al., 2005). Thus, it evolves through the life as opposed to the innate immunity. On the other hand, the innate immunity fails to have a memory and is only able to detect same patterns found in pathogens. They are called Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns or PAMPs (Kawai, 2010). This chapter will focus only on the innate immune system. The innate immune system The innate immune system is considered mostly as universal as it is present in most of the organisms on Earth. It is characterised by the ability to react fast (as opposed to the adaptive immunity, which can take up to several days to be active) to any external threats. The innate immune system has three components : physical, cellular and humoral (figure 1) (Beutler, 2004). Figure 1. The different cellular and humoral components of the innate immune system (Beutler, …show more content…
They are activated in cascade upon recognition of microorganisms. They are responsible for the opsonisation of the pathogens which will be sent for phagocytosis (Dunkelberger, 2010). The complement is composed of three pathways : the classical, the alternative and the Mannose Binding Lectine (MBL) pathways. Different proteins are involved in these pathways (Dunkelberger, 2010). The classical pathway is induced when the protein C1 interacts with a complex antibody/antigen. The alternative pathway is induced when the protein C3 interacts with some bacterial components. The MBL pathway is induced when the Mannose Binding Protein interacts with some bacterial elements. The three pathways induced the membrane-attack complex (figure
The immunologic events that are happening at the local level during Carlton's acute inflammatory response would be:
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
Most of the time nonspecific defenses keep pathogens from getting into the body. Sometimes one can break through and cause a disease. This is where the immune system comes into use.
There are two different parts of the immune system. Innate immunity is the more general type; for this reason it is also called the nonspecific res...
The function of the immune system is it helps play a vital part of our everyday lives. It helps protect our bodies where ever we go. Our immune systems help defend our bodies against germs and microorganisms. The immune system is made up of various special cells, tissues, organs and proteins. This special system does an amazing job of keeping our bodies healthy and in good shape from different diseases and infections.
Chronic bronchitis is a disorder that causes inflammation to the airway, mainly the bronchial tubules. It produces a chronic cough that lasts three consecutive months for more than two successive years (Vijayan,2013). Chronic Bronchitis is a member of the COPD family and is prominently seen in cigarette smokers. Other factors such as air pollutants, Asbestos, and working in coal mines contributes to inflammation. Once the irritant comes in contact with the mucosa of the bronchi it alters the composition causing hyperplasia of the glands and producing excessive sputum (Viayan,2013). Goblet cells also enlarge to contribute to the excessive secretion of sputum. This effects the cilia that carry out the mechanism of trapping foreign bodies to allow it to be expelled in the sputum, which are now damaged by the irritant making it impossible for the person to clear their airway. Since the mechanism of airway clearance is ineffective, the secretion builds up a thickened wall of the bronchioles causing constriction and increasing the work of breathing. The excessive build up of mucous could set up pneumonia. The alveoli are also damaged enabling the macrophages to eliminate bacteria putting the patient at risk for acquiring an infection.
Willey, 2014). The adaptive immunity contains Naïve B cells which turn into antibodies, and naïve T cell which later turn into effector T cells (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). Adaptive immunity has memory (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). This means that the adaptive immunity is a prompt and stronger immune reaction to the same microbe later on if it comes back (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). As a part of this third line of defense, it involves antibodies, along with lymphocytes called T cells and B cells (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). They change to handle a particular microbe (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). Foreign substances that start up an immune response are called antigens (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The presence of external antigens causes B and T cells to replicate and make more proteins that function to protect the host (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The B cell is most important because it produces and secretes antibodies. Antibodies bind to antigens and inactivate them to help kill them (Joanne M. Willey,
Differentiate and describe between monocytes and macrophages (Innate Immunity) and B cells defining antibodies and T cells defining cytokines (adaptive immunity).
On the other hand natural immunity is the immunity that occurs naturally in our bodies. Our natural immune system includes all our non-specific immune responses such as natural barriers in place which are referred to as the first and second line of defense. These are systems which naturally are present to non-specifically target any foreign particles which may enter the body. Basically natural immunity is inheritable and present from birth and also remains throughout a persons lifetime and it protects the individual from contraction of diseases or other organisms. Acquired immunity develops during a lifetime and can be short-lived or life-long and protects the individual from pathogens using memory T cells which recognise the antigen if it is re-introduced.
Within the in the bodies immune system there are two lines of defense. The first line of defenser being is the non-specific innate immunity. Non-specific immunity repels all microorganisms equally (John H. Humphrey, 2014). The second line of defense is the immune response. The immune response goes after specific invaders. Each line of defense works differently but together they work to keep the body health, and clear of pathogens that are harmfull. The body takes chronological steps to maintain its defenses. The first step being the first line defense. These can include the mucus membranes and the skin. Next is the second line of defense, these come from the non-specific defense sytem. Once pathogens pass through the first line of defense the second line of defense responds in turn through processes of inflammatory response and fever. If both the first and second defenses are incapable of containing the pathogen then a third line of defense is activated. The third line of defense being a specific immune response. Specific pathogens are attacked through the specific immune response by the process of B-cell production of antibodies, which attack the virus or bacteria in extra-cellular fluid (Martini & Nath, 2009). Lastly T-cells proceed to kill the infected cells. The T-cell as well as the B-cell can both be located in the lymph nodes of the
Today I will discuss the immune system and what makes it so important and vital for our everyday well-being and defending our body against sickness and disease.. First off, what is the immune system? Vaccines.gov informs readers that, “The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders. These are primarily microbes—tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and fungi that can cause infections.” Why are these important to us as humans? Very simple, without our immune system ,things such as viruses, the common cold and flu, would likely cause severe trauma or death to our body very easily. However, antibodies
ANS: The viral proteins are processed by activated macrophage cells as a response of the immune system.
Every day special cells, tissues, proteins and organs which made overall immune system defend against microorganisms, germs and viruses which enter our body. Immune system is system which is able to prevent organism and kill the pathogens. Most of time immune system has dual system in properties and has capacity to identify self and non-self organisms (1). For instance, immune system can be general or specific, natural or adaptive (sometimes called innate or acquired), cell mediated or humoral, active or passive and also primary and secondary (2). Immune system is able to recognize and attack particular antigens, it is called ‘antigen specific’ part, also it has ‘systemic’ part which works throughout the body, and it is not restricted only to initial infection site. Moreover immune system has ‘memory’ part which is able to recognize and attack stronger to the same antigen next time. This essay will discuss each dual part of immune system: organs, cells and soluble components, also describe the difference between innate and acquired immune system.
The immune system recognizes germs that enter the body as foreign invaders called antigens and produces proteins called antibodies to fight them.
Adaptive immune system happens much quicker to the presence of an “infection creating potent mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humeral immunity, mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.”