Most of the time nonspecific defenses keep pathogens from getting into the body. Sometimes one can break through and cause a disease. This is where the immune system comes into use. The immune system is the body's third line of defense. It is a network of several tissues and white blood cells. The tissues of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. The white blood cells of the immune system are called lymphocytes (Postlethwait Hopson, Modern Biology). The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx). Each part of the immune system plays a certain role in keeping pathogens out of the body. Bone marrow is the soft material found inside bones. It is used to make the lymphocytes needed in the body every day. Located above the heart, the thymus is a gland that helps produce a special kind of lymphocyte. Located throughout the body along the vessels of the lymphatic system are the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes. Lymph nodes collect pathogens from the lymph and expose them to lymphocytes. The largest lymphatic organ in the body is the spleen. The spleen stores healthy blood cells and breaks down aging red blood cells. It also helps make lymphocytes and other types of red blood cells. Another function of the spleen is it collects pathogens from the blood and attacks the trapped pathogens. The adenoids are masses of lymph tissue found in the nose and throat. The two ... ... middle of paper ... ...would be able to survive without the help of the immune system. Works Cited “Cells Involved In Immune Responses and Antigen Recognition.” Microbiology and Immunology. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. . “Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. . Lechtenberg, Richard. "Multiple Sclerosis Fact Book." F.A. Davis Company, 1988. “Modern Biology, (0030565413), Holt Rinehart & Winston.” Web. 18 Dec. 2011. Neustaedter, Randall. The Immunization Decision. North Atlantic Books, 1990. “What Is the Immune System.” National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Home Page. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
The immunologic events that are happening at the local level during Carlton's acute inflammatory response would be:
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
The objective of the host is to "escape" from the pathogen. This can be done through the use of the immune system or by quickly dying. When a host dies with the pathogen still inside the pathogen dies as well. Resistance to invaders evolved as a result of the development of the mechanism of immunity. The development of immunity depends on the recognition of differences in chemical structures of substances.
The spleen is a fist-sized, spongy organ located behind the stomach (removed in this illustration), just under the diaphragm. Part of the lymphatic system, the spleen is composed of two types of tissue. White pulp produces lymphocytes, which release antibodies into the bloodstream to combat infection. More prominent is the red pulp, in which macrophages filter broken cells, parasites, bile pigments, and other useless substances from the blood. Iron from broken red blood cells is stored in the spleen for later use. Despite this variety of functions, an injured or diseased spleen can be removed in adults without great consequence.
The structure and function of our immune systems is a great help for our body to keep all of us healthy. Our immune system has a specific structure that it should maintain. There are also organs that play a major part for the health of our immune system. These organs are called lymphoid organs because of the lymphocytes that inhabit that area. (white blood cells) Bone marrow is also one of the key elements for the immune system, this is where all of our blood cells are being made along with the white blood cells. With the help of the bone marrow, white blood cells are constantly traveling throughout our bodies using the blood cells for help. Another structure that is important for our immune system is lymphoid tissue. Lymphoid tissue acts as a gateway into our bodies that help to prevent incoming germs.
Within the lymph vessels, the lymph is screened and checked for pathogenic organisms, bacteria and dead cells at sites along the vessel network called lymph nodes. There are many lymph nodes within the vessel network of varying sizes that have numerous vessel entry points, but only one exit vessel point per node. There are 4-5 nodes per vessel and after the lymph has been screened by the first node, it travels onto the second, third etc., and can pass through as many as 8 before it reaches the subclavian ducts. This allows the nodes to analyse the lymph and act accordingly. If the node detects a pathogen, it releases antibodies called lymphocytes (white blood cells) to attack the foreign body and destroy it. The node also ...
Lymph Fluid: Is excess tissue fluid that is found throughout the body in the lymph node, spleen and thymus. The Lymph fluid leaves blood capillaries and sits in the interstitial space. The fluid contains waste materials from tissues. They filter foreign debris and bacteria from lymph and transport large proteins and fats to the blood. The thoracic duct, which travels from the abdomen to the thorax is the main lymphatic duct that drains lymph into one of the large veins to the heart. The Lymph fluid is filtered through the lymph nodes before it enters the blood. (Reeder, Miller, Wilfong, Leitch & Zimmel.,
Differentiate and describe between monocytes and macrophages (Innate Immunity) and B cells defining antibodies and T cells defining cytokines (adaptive immunity).
Acquired immunity is the immunity that our body gains and develops over time. When pathogens are present in the body our body learns and remembers how to destroy these pathogens. Acquired immunity compromises all our specific immune responses which includes the generation of antibodies that neutralize the toxins produced by the pathogen. Acquired immunity means our body is able to distinguish between different types of pathogens, differentiate between foreign particles and cells of our own body and recall all immunological responses and act accordingly to the specific pathogen. The third line of defense is involved which is acquired and specific.
This immunity is dependent upon our body to be exposed to a particular type of pathogen once before. After the exposure, our body’s immune system learns of a way to counteract the foreign substance. The immune system learns the most effective way to counter each antigen that enters and then retains that strategy until the same pathogen attacks on it again. It completely customizes its attack, adapts to new conditions and remembers the information. This why people are given shots of inactivated viruses. When these viruses enter the blood stream, the body thinks that they are harmful pathogens and then develops a way of counteracting to them. After battling these viruses, they remember their form of attack, so in case these same harmful viruses enter the blood stream again, they can deal with them quickly and efficiently. Lymphocytes (T and B cells are required for this immunity). The antibodies IgA are expressed in our body on the mucous surface of the gut. When foreign substances enter, the intestine, they kill those pathogens before they can even grow in the
Seattle Education Project. (2013, November). STEP: The Immune System - An Overview, [Online]. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html [11/12/14].
The Immune System The immune system is a network of organs that contain cells which recognize foreign substances and destroys them. All living organisms are exposed to harmful substances and most can protect themselves in several ways, either with physical barriers or chemicals that repel and kill them. It protects vertebrates against viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites. These viruses are called pathogens. The immune system is known to help in the fight against cancer.
When a cell in our body has become infected or has become cancerous it’s surface changes. This is how the immune system can tell good cells from bad ones (the markings on the surface.) Once a bad cell has been recognized our bodies sends cells to destroy the damaged cell and prevent the spread of whatever caused the damage in the first place. The next step our body takes is to have the affected cells start to produce interferons and other helpful substances. These help to fight off unwanted organisms, and also to warn other cells of the invaders and prepare them to resist them therefore preventing the spread of disease.
Lymph Functionality in Immune Response. In addition to serving as a drainage system, the lymphatic system, along with the lymphoid tissues and organs, plays a vital role in the body’s immune system to create an immune response. The body must protect itself from foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and other harmful pathogens.... ... middle of paper ... ... Retrieved December 9, 2013, from http://www.cdl.
The lymphatic system is a link of tissues and organs that help clear the poisonous toxins, waste and further unwanted elements that are inside the human body. The key function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph which is a watery fluid substance holding infection that are fighting white blood cells, all over the human body.