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Chapter 9: The Immune System and Mechanisms of Defense
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When something foreign is produced into the body, our immune system automatically goes into overdrive. “Is this something I’ve encountered before or is this a new invader?” Our body must distinguish between the two. This is known as either a primary or secondary immune response. If this is initial contact with the foreign antigen, it is known as a primary immune response. Over a period of several days, the body begins to produce an adequate amount of antibody against the invading antigen. This is a non-specific line of defense because it is the first instance of contact with the antigen. The bone marrow produces T lymphs and B lymphs that play an important role in this primary immune response. T lymphs travel to the thymus while B lymphs
The immunologic events that are happening at the local level during Carlton's acute inflammatory response would be:
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
Health care is a major global issue that affects millions of people every day. In this paper I am going to review an important health care topic that includes childhood immunizations and religious exemption policies. Immunizations are one of the most cost-effective public health achievements that protect both individuals and the community as a whole. Vaccinated individuals help the community by creating what is called herd immunity for those who cannot be vaccinated due to age or current health conditions get some protection because the spread of contagious disease is contained. High vaccination rates and low incidences of diseases indicators of successful immunization programs.
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
This condition occurs when the immune system produce abnormal response against substances that are normally present in the body. The immune system becomes incapable in differentiating healthy body tissues and antigens, which results in the destruction of normal body tissues. This is usually characterized by hypersensitivity reaction almost identical to the response in allergic conditions. The cause of the autoimmune disorders are still unknown, however, there is a theory stating that some microorganisms or drugs may have trigger these changes. These can also affect one or multiple organs or tissues. Some of the most commonly affected are blood vessels, joints, muscles, red blood cells, skin, and connective tissues.
...the T-cell can either produce antibodies, or can kill the cell entirely. There are a few types of T-cells namely, helper t-cells- which release cytokins to stimulate other lymphocytes to help isolate the antigen. The second is cytotoxic T-cells which are a CD8 co receptor and have the ability to kill antigens directly. These two cells plus Leukocytes are what in turn run our immune cells.
Two and half million children everyday are saved from vaccines (“Should”). Many people in America think that parents should not have the decision to let their children opt out of getting vaccines. The controversy of immunizations can be understood through learning about immunizations and how they are used, why people are for and against immunizations and why they are used, and the cons and pros of immunizations.
... bones, into T-lymphocytes in the thymus. T-lymphocytes are programmed to fight specific antigens entering the body and distinguish between body cells and tissues, and foreign matter within the body. This foreign matter is isolated by the T-lymphocytes and triggers the immune system to react to the alien matter thus destroying it. Because the T-lymphocytes are programmed to only react to specific antigens, they would have no effect on other antigens and therefore would need programming to react to these. The T-lymphocytes enter the bloodstream; some enter the lymphatic system and the others circulate around the cardiovascular system. The Thymus gland grows from birth until adolescence where it reaches its peak. Beyond this, the thymus reduces in size and effective ability to produce the T-lymphocytes and by middle age, is roughly the same size as it was at birth.
Willey, 2014). The adaptive immunity contains Naïve B cells which turn into antibodies, and naïve T cell which later turn into effector T cells (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). Adaptive immunity has memory (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). This means that the adaptive immunity is a prompt and stronger immune reaction to the same microbe later on if it comes back (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). As a part of this third line of defense, it involves antibodies, along with lymphocytes called T cells and B cells (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). They change to handle a particular microbe (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). Foreign substances that start up an immune response are called antigens (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The presence of external antigens causes B and T cells to replicate and make more proteins that function to protect the host (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The B cell is most important because it produces and secretes antibodies. Antibodies bind to antigens and inactivate them to help kill them (Joanne M. Willey,
...s highly polymorphic for the immune system, which include such molecules including HLA which is classified as the class 1 dimeric molecule proteins, with the intended function of presenting antigenic peptides to CD8, T lymphocytes. (Mark A. Atkinson, Noel K. Maclaren, 1994) Secondarily, HLA class II are also known to be dimeric, while their characteristic perception demonstrates constitutive expression or enhanced inducing on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. The interaction occurring between a cell that would possess a molecule of HLA in contact with an antigenic peptide and T lymphocyte, with a receptor present, would demonstrate a process where the recognition of HLA and the peptide forming a complex, would result in the instigation of activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes where this immune response, underlies almost all immune response. (Mark A.
The macrophages engulf and digest the foreign pathogens and leave behind parts of the pathogen called antigens that stimulates the immune system to attack them. The T-lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that can recognize antigens that are not part of the human body (non-self) and attack the human cells that have been invaded by the pathogen associated with this non-self antigen. B-lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell, also recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies that attack and neutralize the foreign antigens to fight the infection. When a new pathogen is first detected by the immune system, it can take up to several days for the immune system to properly coordinate all the different immune cells required to fight the infection (Understanding How Vaccines Work, 2013). However, once the infection has been eliminated, the immune system has the ability to remember all of the foreign antigens that have entered the body. The memory T-lymphocytes and memory B-lymphocytes will remember every antigen they have ever encountered throughout the human’s lifetime and are able to quickly respond and initiate the immune response if the same antigen is detected again. The immune system keeps a huge supply of “millions and possibly billions of different antibodies on hand to be prepared for any foreign invader by constantly creating millions of new B cells” (How Do Vaccines Work?, 2011). This process of antigen memory and antibody production is also called acquired immunity, and it the basis to understand how vaccines
Understanding the difference between vaccine, vaccination and immunization may be difficult. Even though these words are associated with each other, they have different meanings. According the article basics, a vaccine produces immunity from a disease and can be administered through needle injection, orally, or aerosol. Vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against the organism. Immunization is the process that produces immunity in the body against that organism. Vaccinations reduce the risk of Polio, Smallpox and Scarlet Fever by operating with the body’s natural defenses to develop immunities to these diseases. Depending on if a parent desires protection from disease or is concerned
In addition to serving as a drainage system, the lymphatic system, along with the lymphoid tissues and organs, play a vital role in the body’s immune system to create an immune response. The body ...
We are always hearing on the news and in newspapers about children catching diseases and often dying from them. Why is this happening when all of these diseases are easily preventable by simply being immunised, why aren’t parents getting their children Immunised, is it for religious beliefs or just carelessness. What ever their reason may be is it really good enough, because why would anyone rather let their child be able to catch and spread a deadly disease then have them Immunised, so Immunisation should be made compulsory for all children.
Adaptive immune system happens much quicker to the presence of an “infection creating potent mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humeral immunity, mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.”