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Analyse Sigmund Freud'S Psycho-Sexual Stage Of Development
Analyse Sigmund Freud'S Psycho-Sexual Stage Of Development
Analyse Sigmund Freud'S Psycho-Sexual Stage Of Development
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Socialisation, Personal identity, Gender Identity and Gender Roles:
Boundless.com defines ‘Socialisation’ as “a term used to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies providing the individual with the skills and habits necessary for precipitating within one’s society, thus the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained” (Boundless.com, 2015). The process of socialisation involves an individual such as an adolescent to have interactions with various agents of socialisation. Agents of socialisation are factors that play a crucial role in providing an individual with social and cultural skills in accordance with the social norms and standards of the society one is located in (Brian
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The American Psychological Association states, the ideology of identity requires two concepts. The first concept being ‘self-conception’ which is various perceptions an individual has of themselves. For example, an adolescent’s belief of their attributes, roles, religion and values contributes to its personal identity (American Psychological Association, 2002). Secondly, the concept of ‘Self- esteem’ which is the process of self-evaluation, additionally an implication of this concept can be seen through an adolescent’s personality, whether there confident or shy (American Psychological Association, 2002). Gender Identity involves an individual’s perception of his or hers gender which usually correlates with ascribed status such as sex (Morrow, Lori Messinger and hrc.org, 2006). Gender Roles are excepted behaviours belonging to each sex (Brian Furze, 2014) which is related to gender binaries, which stipulates individuals of each sex to conform to the ideologies of masculinity and femineity (Jack David Eller, Culture and Diversity in the United States 2015). There is a clear connection between socialisation and gender identity in regards with adolescence, …show more content…
During Erikson’s work from 1950-1963 he added modifications to Freud’s findings resulting in a proposition of a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development that occurs over a human’s lifespan and encompasses all life stages of human development; infancy (birth to 18 months), early childhood (2 to 3 years), preschool (3 to 5 years), school age (6 to 11 years), adolescence (12 to 18 years), young adulthood (19 to 40 years), middle adulthood (40 to 65 years) and maturity 65 to death) (simplypsychology.org). Each stage has a positive or negative outcome based off when the human experiences a psychosocial crisis in which results one’s personality development. Erikson based his findings off the term, ‘crisis’. He used the term for different implications of each human development stage. Once a ‘crisis’ is implied to one’s life, the formation of identity is based on the results that how one deals with the crisis or internal conflicts that emerges in each stage of life. In regards to the Adolescence stage of life, Erikson characterised this period of the life cycle as the establishment of one’s sense of personal identity. In the adolescence stage individuals face the fifth crisis, ‘Identity vs Role Confusion. This crisis involves an adolescent’s search of a sense of identity. The formation of a ‘sense of identity’ occurs when an adolescent successfully finds
Human development is a highly complex lifelong process. Identity is a self-definition or sense of who one is, where one is going, and how one fits into society. It relates to our basic values that dictates the choices we make in life. It is considered that identity formation is a means of finding oneself, by matching one’s talent with available social roles. Crisis is a vital part in one’s development. It occurs in every stage of finding one’s self and without resolution, may lead to tension and role confusion. Dedicated and influential theorists such as Erik Erikson and James Marcia have contributed significantly to the broadening and understanding
Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory is comprised of eight developmental stages ranging throughout the lifespan from infancy to adulthood (Boyd, 2015). However, Erikson puts significant emphasis on the adolescent stage, feeling it is a crucial period for developing an individual’s identity (McLeod, 2013). Erikson maintains that the task of adolescence is to resolve this identity crisis (Rageliene, 2016). Erikson’s theory is hierarchical, meaning that later stages are based on the outcomes of earlier stages, therefor it is rather complex (Markstrom, 1998). During each of these stages, an
Corey (2017) explains that Erikson built on Freud’s ideas and extended his theory beyond childhood. Erikson believed that throughout a persons life they experience eight major psychological stages, or conflicts and, unlike Freud, has a much more positive view towards human nature and development (Sigelman, Rider and De George-Walker, 2016). Erikson’s psychosocial theory is relevant to the documentary ‘Love, Lust and Lies’ because it helps people to better understand human development by examining the psychosocial stage Josie is at in different times in her life. The first of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, that are relevant to the documentary, is identity versus role confusion, ages twelve to twenty years. This stage is about adolescents establishing their own social and vocational identities and asking questions about who they are in order to determine their roles in adulthood (Sigelman, Rider and De George-Walker, 2016). Erikson’s next psychosocial stage is intimacy versus isolation, ages twenty to forty years. Young adults in this stage of their lives seek intimacy and to form a shared identity with another person, however, may also fear intimacy and experience isolation and loneliness (Sigelman, Rider, and De George-Walker, 2016). The last two psychosocial stages in human development according to Erikson are, generativity versus stagnation, ages forty to sixty-five, and
than I give them credit for. According to Macionis, socialization, as a process everyone goes through, is the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture (75). In class lecture, Professor Williams defined socialization as the process of learning and internalizing culture and structure. Socialization has four agents, including family, school, peer groups, and mass media. Each agent of socialization plays some part in everyone’s life. In my life, family, school, and peer groups influenced me the most due to the fact that I had little access to mass media.
Erik Erikson developed eight stages of psychosocial development (Gordon & Browne, 2014). Each stage was characterized by an emotional challenge and the stages built upon previous experiences (Gordon & Browne, 2014). His stages of development gave us the term identity crisis which describes
The term socialization refers to the “lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture.” [Macionis et al. p 55] The concept of socialization is that our actions are driven/learned by culture. Socialization is also the foundation of personality, which we build by internalizing our surroundings. Through the lifelong process of socialization, society transmits culture from one generation to the next.
Erik Erikson was best known for his eight-stage theory of psychosocial development. His theory developed out of, and elaborated upon, Freud’s early theories in the development stages of life. Where Freud’s theory had only three stages of life, beginning with the first 4-5 years in the infantile period and having the latency period from around 5-years of age until puberty and a final stage of the genital period from puberty until the end of one’s life; Erikson developed a theory that included eight stages of development ranging from infancy to old age but including the early childhood, play age, school age, adolescence, young adulthood and full adulthood (Feist & Feist, 2009).
Socialization is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, values and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society. Socialization describes a process which may lead to desirable outcomes—sometimes labeled "moral"—as regards the society where it occurs. Individual views on certain issues, for instance race or economics, are influenced by the society 's consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or normal.
Gender identity has been a delicate issue when it comes to determining if a person's gender is set at birth or develops and changes as a person ages. A person’s gender is not as simple as being classified as either male or female. There’s a considerable amount of external factors that can influence someone’s identity. Although society has a major role in gender identity, sex assignment at birth is not final; furthermore, a person's gender can be influenced by psychological, physiological differences and undergoing changes to the human body. A common misconception many people believe is that gender and gender are the same or go hand in hand with one another.
Initially, Erikson’s stages described a child’s developmental growth during each period. Learning about Erikson and the limitations of each period made me realize that one has to treat separate children differently in every stage. Also, Erikson explains that each stage can affect a child negatively or positively depending on the caregiver and others around the child. Of course Erikson also says not everything one does can be perfect. Learning the complexity of each stage a child enters affects the next. Therefore, raising a child is extremely difficult because one has to adjust to their needs before one’s own. It made me realize that raising a child according to Erikson is not an easy task; even one mistake can lead to consequences. For instance, during the Identity versus Role Confusion a teenager begins to wonder who they are as a person and how to fit into society. If a child comes out of this stage knowing his/her identity then adulthood would not be difficult whatsoever. On the other hand, if teenagers do not know their identity then they would enter adulthood confused about themselves. This identity vs. role confusion role has taught me to appreciate and understand teenagers better therefo...
This assignment’s main focus will be centred on Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which consists of eight stages however only the fifth stage ‘identity versus role confusion’ will be discussed. Aspects such as identity crises, exploration of autonomy whilst developing a sense of self, factors that may contribute to identity formation as well as the successful/unsuccessful resolution of this particular stage will be discussed thoroughly. Erikson’s theory was also expanded by James Marcia, who identified certain identity statuses. The discussion will then progress to the psychosocial development of a case study based on Anna Monroe in connection to the difficulties she faced, such as gender, sexuality, peer pressure,
The essay will look at life span development of Erikson’s psychoanalytically oriented approach to adolescence, Marcia’s identity status theory, Levinson’s life cycle theory, adulthood, parenthood, effects of divorce, bereavement, unemployment, adjustment to old age in terms of disengagement and active theory. This will be followed by evaluation of all this theories and a conclusion will be given. Erikson (1969) stated that individuals experiencing adolescence having an identity crisis with females more affected than males due to realising that this status will depend on their marriage partner. Erikson’s approach evaluation is, adolescents and young adults experience key identity adjustments, which result in self doubts. Erikson laid emphasis
Erik Erikson was a psychologist who did most of his work in the post-Freudian era, in the 1930s to the 1950s. Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, explain eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. Erikson ideas, though, were greatly influenced by Freud, emphasises the role of culture and society and the conflicts that can take place within the ego itself. Like Freud, Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson, these crises are of a psychosocial in nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual conflicting with the needs of society. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time. In this essay the writer will evaluate Erikson’s psychosocial stages of human development and its contribution to the study of human development.
In Dictionary.com (2017d), the definition of socialization in culture is crucial for an individual to develop as it is self-development, interpersonal and interactional skills for people to have the courage and spirit to participate and function within any kinds of festivals and events and get involved in the social life and interaction with other people. Family, friends, school, and peer groups and individual are the social groups that strongly enforced the socialization throughout an individual’s lifetime and it is for ensuring the society’ cultural features will be inherited by the new generations (Dictionary.com, 2017d).
This view proposes that in gender studies, the term gender should be used to refer to the social and cultural constructions of masculinities and femininities, and not to the state being a female or a male in its entireness. Gender includes gender roles, which are expectations society and people have about behaviors, thoughts, and characteristics that go along with a person’s assigned sex. For example, ideas about how men and women are expected to behave, dress, and communicate all contribute to gender. In the past people tend to have very clear ideas about what was appropriate to each sex and anyone behaving differently was regarded as abnormal. Today we accept a lot more diversity and see gender as a continuum rather than two categories.