Diazepam
Diazepam, was first marketed under the brand name Valium. It is a benzodiazepine class drug.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pharmacology
1.1 Mechanism of Action
1.2 Pharmacokinetics
1.2.1 Absorption
1.2.2 Distribution
1.2.3 Metabolism
1.2.4 Elimination
1.3 Chemistry
2 Indications
3 Cautions
4 Contraindications
5 Side Effects
5.1 Common Side Effects
5.2 Less Common Side Effects
6 Legal Status
7 Page data
[edit] Pharmacology
[edit] Mechanism of Action
Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, achieves its pharmacodynamic effects by ultimately increasing the effect of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA on GABAA receptors. The main roles of GABA include regulating neuronal excitability and regulation of muscle tone. Diazepam, as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, binds and forms a receptor-drug complex which promotes the binding of GABA.
[edit] Pharmacokinetics
[edit] Absorption
Diazepam is usually administered in orally in tablet form. Alternatively, also available formulations are intravenous form, intramuscular form, suppository form or rectal solution.
In oral form diazepam is quickly absorbed and has a fast onset. It also has a high oral bioavailability of over 90%. The average time it takes for diazepam to reach peak plasma concentration is one to one and a half hours but this can commonly be in the range of 15 minutes to two and a half hours.
If administered through an intravenous route, the onset of action is one to five minutes and it is 15 to 30 minutes for the intramuscular route. For both of these routes diazepam has a maximum pharmacological effect for around 15 minutes to an hour...
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...Weakness
Ataxia, trouble controlling voluntary body movements.
[edit] Less Common Side Effects
Confusion
Depression
Heacache
Slurred speech
Tremor
Vertigo
Constipation
Nausea
Blurred vision
Dizziness
Hypotension
Psychiatric reactions. Should behavioural effects be experiences, patient should stop taking the drug and see a doctor.
Libido change
Skin hypersensitivity reaction
Dry mouth
[edit] Legal Status
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine and is therefore a licensed medicine under Schedule 4 Part I under The Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971 due to the potential risk of benzodiazepines being abused where dependence can develop. Diazepam can only be acquired with a prescription and prescriptions are only valid for 28 days. Generally speaking, Schedule 4 drugs are limited to a supply of up to 30 days' treatment.
...apine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, risperidone, and may include ziprasidone) to treat psychotic symptoms, and mood stabilizers such as lithium or valproate to control manic episodes.
Understanding psychological disorders are very important in human development, the first step is to define what is meant by a disorder. How do psychologists determine that there something is psychologically wrong with a person? What behaviours are abnormal? A psychological disorder, also known as a mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioural or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and/or create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. A clear sign of abnormal behaviour or mental state is when an individual's behaviour is destructive to themselves or their social group, such as family, friends. Above all psychological disorders create a maladaptive pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that lead to detriments in relationships and other life areas. There are several ethical issues in treating psychological disorders. There two ways of treating psychological disorders through; psychotherapy this form of treatment involves social interactions between a trained professional (therapist) and client. This is delivered on a one-to-one, face-to-face meeting. Another way of treating psychological disorder is through pharmacological treatments. This is the use of proactive drugs to treat certain disorders. This essay will aim to highlight the pros and cons of using pharmacological and psychological treatments.
Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic in the imidazopyridine class of drug; meaning that the drug is an agonist to the GABAa receptors (Source 7). Zolpidem was introduced in the early 1900s and has helped to push insomnia treatments forward. The nonbenzodiazepine Zolpide...
Viagra is taken orally. It is quickly absorbed into the system and usually reaches its peak concentration in about 30 to 120 minutes. However, as with most orally administered drugs, taking the pill on a full stomach will slow down its absorption (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 5). Viagra is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome p450 system. It is converted into a metabolite that has properties similar to that of the pre-metabolized drug. Viagra and its metabolite have a "terminal half-life of about 4 hours" (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 4). Finally, Viagra is excreted primarily through feces in the form of metabolites (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 7).
Over the years, my sister has been through various different medications whose intent was to control her seizure activity. A new type of treatment that her neurologist suggested trying is Valium (Diazepam). Valium is a drug that effects the limbic, thalamic and hypothalamic regions of the central nervous system. ((3).) Valium slows the central nervous system and is used to treat anxiety related disorders and conditions that cause severe muscle spasms and convulsions. ((4).) Valium is administered rectally. Liquid Valium is absorbed fast from the rectum. The effect should take place 5-15 minutes after the injection.((3).) Valium should not be used on a daily basis because it can cause withdraw and it also has many other side effects.
Menon, A., & Penn, M. (2013). Pseudoephedrine: Legal efforts to make it a prescription-only drug. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/phlp/docs/pseudo-brief112013.pdf
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Benzodiazepine or know as benzo on the street. Benzos effect the central nervous system by slowing down the ...
The Similarity Analysis Module in Spartan’14 was used the calculate the similarity score for each of the benzodiazepines compared to the benzodiazepine active site on the chloride receptor. Of the benzodiazepines studied, it was found that lorazepam has the best fit for the active site because it had the highest similarity score compared to the pharmacophore and the lowest number of collisions with the wall of the active site. AutoDock Vina was also used to calculate the binding affinity of each benzodiazepine with the active site on the chloride receptor. It was found that diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam all have the lowest binding affinity of -9.8 kcal/mol and therefore are more likely to bind to the active site. Combining these results
There are many side effects and concerns associated with this drug. GHB affects the release of dopamine in the brain, usually causing effects ranging from relaxation to sleep at low doses. Overall the effect is similar to that of alcohol. The difference is that duration is slightly longer and the hangover effects are slightly less and the unpleasant and dangerous overdose effect of possibly causing temporarily unrousable sleep, or coma, ...
... and 10.0 mg/kg in sequential order. The behavioral test only occurred after the second injection of methylphenidate per day. The lever pressing data from last day (how many days?) of each dose will serve as the data point. After the drug phases, abstinence will be introduced and behavioral data will be collected again.
intake of the patient. There are many other drugs that are legal with the same
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