The Similarity Analysis Module in Spartan’14 was used the calculate the similarity score for each of the benzodiazepines compared to the benzodiazepine active site on the chloride receptor. Of the benzodiazepines studied, it was found that lorazepam has the best fit for the active site because it had the highest similarity score compared to the pharmacophore and the lowest number of collisions with the wall of the active site. AutoDock Vina was also used to calculate the binding affinity of each benzodiazepine with the active site on the chloride receptor. It was found that diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam all have the lowest binding affinity of -9.8 kcal/mol and therefore are more likely to bind to the active site. Combining these results
1. What is the name of the document? Ida Tarbell Criticizes Standard Oil (1904) 2. What type of document is it? (newspaper, map, image, report, Congressional record, etc.)
...apine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, risperidone, and may include ziprasidone) to treat psychotic symptoms, and mood stabilizers such as lithium or valproate to control manic episodes.
In David Schmidtz’s article “Are All Species Equal?” he discusses species egalitarianism and if it has any application or standing in the philosophical discussion of environmental ethics. One of the given arguments equates speciesism to racism. These two terms, down to their basic definitions, are so fundamentally different that it is difficult to compare them. Racism is the discrimination of a race of people based on the culture, physical features and tone of speech among other things. The parameters in which racism occurs and what determines superiority of one group of people over another is challenging to translate over into the realm of speciesism. For how are we to determine which traits are superior? In the Jim Crow era white heritage was hailed to be purer then African heritage, so in this racist instance we are comparing the same trait. Applying this to animals and plants is rather difficult. There is no black and white commonality between species. Comparing one species to another using any single trait has the possibility of alienating more animals and plants then it does uniting them in equality. One could argue that cognitive thinking is the standard in which we would base any sort of hierarchy. However, this places humans at the top and since we were the ones who set up the parameters initially it’s a bit farfetched. So by what basis do we judge other species? Sticking with outside appearances a thick fur coat could be an appropriate standard. Bears and huskies would be superior, but this alienates birds, reptiles and humans. If we digress to physical skill: if it is speed the peregrine falcon comes as the dominant species. When you get down to it, one of the real difficulties is comparing species against one another. ...
There are specific benzodiazepine receptors in the nervous system that mostly surrounds the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and limbic system. Barbiturates have their own binding sites and modulate the chloride channel. They increase the duration of this channel, while benzodiazepines increase the frequency. Also barbiturates are less selective than benzodiazepines on the CNS. Barbiturates are positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors. These drugs bind to this receptor at the beta end, which are distinct from GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites as well as block the AMPA receptor. Benzodiazepines increase the efficiency of GABA, which reduces neurons excitability, allowing functions in the brain to go in a calming effect due to less communication between neurons. Conduction of chloride ions across the cell membrane increases when the benzodiazepines bind to the GABA receptor. Benzodiazepines have many advantages over barbiturates making it favored in the pharmaceutical industry for hypnotics. The drugs have a much higher therapeutic index than barbiturates, making it a much safer drug to use due to a greater safety margin. Rem-type sleep is crucial for feeling rested after a sleep. Barbiturates suppress this greatly while Benzodiazepines doesn’t nearly as much. Both of these drugs assist with relaxation and tranquility but may also impair motor function. A possible side effect with patients who use barbiturate at a moderate dose is becoming hostile as well as being in a state of pleasurable intoxication. The danger of taking a high dose of barbiturates is severe as i...
The Learning Tree, written by Gordon Parks in 1963. Gordon Parks is an African-American author. The Learning Tree is a fictional autobiography when he was growing up in Fort Scott, Kansas. It was written based on a third person's viewpoint about the life of a teenage African-American boy’s named Newt Winger. It was about the struggle they went through as an African-American and about a murder trial which resolves with Newt Winger testimony.
...ossible adverse interactions between an antidepressant medication and the substances a patient is abusing (such as the potential for increased sedation or intoxication).” (p 29).
Barbiturates fall into the class of sedative-hypnotics. Some of the medical uses include: short-acting barbiturates that can be used for anesthesia induction, while the long acting barbiturates are utilized in anti-convulsant therapy. Barbiturates attach to the β subunit of the GABAA receptor. Stimulation of this inhibitory receptor causes an influx of chloride into cell membranes, which affects the threshold potential of the postsynaptic terminal. Barbiturates at high doses can actually cause direct opening of the chloride channel, essentially mimicking GABA without the actual presence of GABA. Barbiturates also have the ability to suppress depolarization, which is induced by glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter within the CNS. These drugs are highly effective at causing neuronal inhibition within the CNS. Barbiturates have a very narrow therapeutic window, which can result in life threatening side effects if not monitored properly. Some of the serious side effects corresponding to the cardiovascular system include: hypotension, decreased cardiac contractility, decreased cardiac output and decreased cerebral blood flow. In long-term barbiturate use cytochrome P450 enzymes are induced which can rapidly metabolize and affect other drugs utilizing this pathway. Tolerance to the depressant effects is common amongst chronic users. Barbiturates have both a tissue specific tolerance and metabolic tolerance. Tissue specific tolerance occurs in the reticular activating
Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic in the imidazopyridine class of drug; meaning that the drug is an agonist to the GABAa receptors (Source 7). Zolpidem was introduced in the early 1900s and has helped to push insomnia treatments forward. The nonbenzodiazepine Zolpide...
Another advantage of these types of drugs is that 80 to 90 percent give relief to positive symptoms, which would include hallucinatio...
Potent pain medication contains the aspects of utilizing medications such as morphine or demerol, how the medications are dispensed, and t...
This raises an interesting question: What and/or where is the mechanism of action of clonazepam in the reduction of the
Benzodiazepine or know as benzo on the street. Benzos effect the central nervous system by slowing down the ...
Care and education have become a part of children’s daily lives in Ireland and England outside the home in childcare services. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is the statutory curriculum framework for children up to the age of five in England. It was first introduced in 2008 and on the 1st of September 2012 a new revised document was published. Aistear, published in 2009, is Ireland’s first early year’s curriculum framework for children from birth to six years of age. A curriculum framework is a scaffold or support for the development of a curriculum that can be used in childcare settings. A curriculum framework can also be used in partnership with parents when developing a curriculum. This paper will compare and contrast these two curriculum frameworks in relation to philosophy, content, pedagogical practices and expected/targeted outcomes for children. Due to the limits of this paper, it will only be possible to develop an overview of the similarities and differences.
Nathan, R. S., Perel, J. H., Pollock, B. G. & Kupfer, D. J. The role of neuropharmacologic selectivity in antidepressant action. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, Sept. 1990, 51(9): 367-372.
It's so cute. After redrawing my first monkey by resizing it, the second monkey is smaller but definitely similar. If two figures are similar, they are the same shape but may be different sizes. Shapes can be made smaller or larger through dilation, a transformation using a scale factor to create a similar image. This is what I have done with my monkey (on the graph paper). My original image, Figure 1, has been shrunk to a smaller and similar image by using a scale factor of ½, as shown in Figure 2, after the dilation. My two monkeys are similar because the ratio of their lengths compared to that of the areas fits the Proportional Perimeters and Areas Theorem. Also, their corresponding angles are congruent and their corresponding lengths are proportional, proving that they are similar by definition.