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The effect of social influence on modifying behaviour
Effective classroom management and organization
Effective classroom management and organization
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As with a variety of aspects within education, competent classroom management is crucial to the functioning of an effective learning environment. Successful learning can only be achieved when educators implement a consistent behaviour management system (Gabriel & Matthews, 2011). Classroom behaviour can be defined as any behaviour where the intent is to interfere with the teacher, students or class learning (Charles, 2008). The individually supported theories of Choice Theory, Assertive Discipline Theory, and Cognitive Behavioural Theory are discussed in terms of their relation to the student and teacher.
Choice Theory was developed by American psychologist, William Glasser (Gabriel & Matthew, 2011). Influenced by psychoeducational theories,
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It is the responsibility of the teacher to associate teaching and management styles that set clear expectation of the behaviours, through the use of hierarchical list of consequences, and formal recognition of positive behavioural choices (Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014; Manning & Bucher, 2003; Gordon, 1996b). Assertive Discipline engages the teacher, through a calm and assertive manner, in setting instructions, developing clear assessment tasks, and maintaining a regular class routine where students are first reminded of responsibility to follow instructions before consequences are followed through (Brady, 2005; Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014).
Assertive Discipline Theory caters towards a class level of discipline with little acknowledgement of the individual, or extension to the overall school environment (Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014). Although there are attempts of individual management plans for challenging behaviours, Assertive Discipline Theory lacks emphasis on individual difference, for example different learning styles that do not fit the class routine (Brady, 2005; Lyons, Ford & Slee,
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Encouraged by psychoeducational and behaviourist theories, CBT suggests that individuals have the ability to make positive and negative behavioural choices, which are influenced by internal and external factors (Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014). The experiences surrounding belonging, interpretations of self and others, social contexts, personal motivation, problem-solving skills and emotional security influence ones ability when making behavioural choices (Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014). CBT suggests that the more self-reliant a student becomes, the more motivated they are to attend to positive behaviours (Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014).
In the educational environment, it is the role of the teacher to provide opportunities that facilitate the student in becoming a self-regulated learner. Within CBT, discipline is connected to both teaching and managing the environment, focusing on the teaching of skills towards managing behaviour (Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014). Teachers need to be aware of different learners in the class when setting instructions and learning activities, need to make observations of individuals, provide constructive feedback, and encourage social reinforcement prior to reward or punishment (Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014; Gordon,
After completing the “Cooperative Discipline” course through the Regional Training Center, I am planning on revising my behavioral management techniques to follow the cooperative discipline model in my eighth grade English classroom. The cooperative discipline, or the hands-joined style, is a more appropriate approach to managing behaviors in my classroom than the hands-off or hands-on styles. With the hands-off style, there is too much freedom and not enough structure in the classroom, and with the hands-on style, defiant students are likely to rebel against the teacher’s strict rules. However, with the hands-joined style, “students are included in the decision-making process and therefore are strongly influenced to develop responsibility and choose cooperative behavior” (Albert, 2012). When students are provided with clear expectations but are still part of the decision-making process, they are more likely to behave appropriately in the classroom.
(2005, Charles) The premise of Assertive Discipline is that both teachers and students have the “need and right” (2005, Charles) to a caring and respectful classroom environment. Teachers are required to facilitate learning and assist students in reaching their full potential. This is accomplished by teachers clearly and confidently articulating class expectations and teaching student’s what behavior is “acceptable and unacceptable” (Marsh 2010 p233). Cooperative behavior is encouraged by “incentives and recognition” (Lyons et al., 2014) whilst unruly behaviour is managed with a “hierarchy of sanctions” (Lyons et al., 2014). Equally, teachers also have the right to facilitate learning in a proficient manner without interruptions from students and have support from administrators and parents. (Berghuis, 2005,
As I continue to shadow cooperating teachers through my field experience observations, I believe that some students can be taught self-discipline while others need to be “controlled and disciplined”. Not every student at the middle level has the same amount of motivation, learning capability, and discipline; which can be a huge academic factor in their schooling. By stating this, I believe tha...
Classroom management is a necessary component for teachers to appreciate and apply to positively manage and adjust behavior within the learning environment. It is important that teachers develop a sound perceptive of significant theories that will result in enhanced teaching and practices within the class (Lyons, Ford & Slee, 2014). Goal Centred Theory, Cognitive Behavioural Theory and Assertive Discipline Theory are three prominent management theories that will endure analysis. Therefore, consolidating the main elements that underpin the theories will assist in developing positive practices of classroom management.
...lating their own behaviour as they have had lots of practice doing so (NSW DET, 2003, p. 13). By most students demonstrating their ability to self-regulate throughout the lesson, it leaves the teacher the opportunity to better manage challenging behaviours such as Ray’s ADHD/ODD, Michael and Kendall’s tendencies to defy or be oppositional and refuse to engage and Bens’ inclination to withdraw. Strategies such as using the trust tree and taking time to self-regulate outside or in the quiet corner, coloured cups to display moods or a sense of urgency, social stories/scripts to assist with difficult and new situations, labelled praise and positive reinforcement or extrinsic motivation, extension activities of interest, ignoring minor inappropriate behaviours and redirecting when possible are used to help manage these behaviours (See lesson plan and Appendix A and B).
In light of my School Experience (SE), I will be analysing, discussing and evaluating an aspect of classroom practice. The practice that I have chosen is ‘Behaviour Management’. Behaviour management plays a key role within the classroom and there are a number of techniques used by teachers on a day to day basis. I will look at these techniques in detail, analysing and evaluating them with the work of behaviour management authors and also taking into account my SE observations.
My personal philosophy of classroom management focuses on creating an environment where children feel safe and where they feel like they belong. I will create this environment for my fourth grade class through making my expectations of the students clear while developing an engaging lesson plan and personable interactions with my students. I developed my philosophy from studying different theorists and based my philosophy on the theories of Glasser and Kounin. Glasser believed that the teacher’s roll in the classroom is that of a leader rather than a boss. He believed that students should be given power in the classroom and that the teacher should share it with the students. I will use his ‘7 caring habits’ specifically supporting and respecting to help my classroom feel safe and welcoming to my students. Meeting the individual needs of my students will be the focus of my classroom management routine. I will meet individual needs by promoting self management and self efficacy in my students by creating an environment that that has predictable and consistent daily routines while focusing on my student’s successes (Shindler, 2010). Having a predictable routine will encourage a success oriented environment and will reduce anxiety and help towards creating positive self efficacy in each of my students (Shindler, 2010). In Glasser’s Choice Theory he talks about focusing on the present and not bringing up the past (Glasser, 2010). Therefore, I will focus my classroom on being goal driven and will help each student obtain their goals. Thus, helping my students have positive self efficacy. I will apply Kounin’s technique of Momentum (Pressman, 2011). This involves the teacher keeping exercises short and moving around the room a lot so...
In the 21st century, teachers experience many behavioral issues with students in the classroom and face challenges that are very difficult to resolve. School districts have different expectations about how students must behave during school and teachers have their own expectations about how students must behave in their classroom. Every educator has different classroom expectations and students must follow specific standards; therefore, the responsibility of the teacher is to discuss the standards with all students and make sure those expectations are clear. According to Jones and Jones (2016), teachers whose students made greater achievement gains were observed establishing rules and procedures, and carefully monitoring student’s work. In
Classroom management, involving all the strategies used by teachers in order to provide order in the classroom, can be regarded as an essential for effective teaching and learning. According to Davis (1981), “basic classroom management is just plain good sense. Yet, it can be as personal as your private lifestyle” (p.79). One of the biggest challenge teachers face day in and day out is dealing with behavior of children and young pupils in classroom. Therefore, the classroom practice of individual teachers would be the key aspect of improving the behavior of pupils in schools (Hart, 2010). One of the significant attribute of promise to teaching, especially in classroom behavior management, is teacher’s sense of efficacy. According to Woolfolk-Hoy (2000), development of self-efficacy is essential for producing effective, committed and ardent teachers, Moreover, teachers who are trained to be more effective in meeting both academic and non-academic student needs create a positive and successful classroom environment for all students (Alvares, 2007). The importance of self-efficacy in behavior management has been highlighted by Martin, linfoot, and stephenson (1999) who proposed that teacher’ responses to misbehavior may be mediated by their beliefs about their ability to deal with behavior, as well as their beliefs about the causes of student misbehavior.
I recently took a course on cooperative discipline and found that many of my own beliefs and practices involving discipline in the classroom were validated and reinforced throughout the class. Students do choose how they will behave and the best way (maybe even the easiest way) to get them to make the right choices in the classroom is to foster a feeling of mutual respect and to give them a sense of responsibility or classroom ownership. Kids want discipline, or maybe to put it differently they want structure and predictability. And the nice thing about Linda Albert’s cooperative discipline model is that it gives the students exactly what they need. But what are our responsibilities? Linda Albert tells us that “the ultimate goal of student behavior is to fulfill a need to belong”, so it is our job to fill that need by helping the student to feel capable, connected, and able to contribute (in a positive way) to the group.
Classroom management has the largest effect on student achievement, so students cannot learn in poorly managed classroom. Additionally, research has pointed out that the quality of teacher-student relationships is the main aspect of classroom management.(…2). Furthermore, when teachers set classroom management plan, the plan will give structure to everything from seating to lessons to grading to the relationship between students. Teachers should incorporate strategies for addressing student behavior into classroom
Discipline is intended to cease misbehavior in the classroom. Effective classroom management procedures contribute to an environment that enhance learning and reduce discipline problems (Edwards, 2004). The goal of discipline is to help students learn to control their own behavior. Effective teachers apply various disciplinary techniques that help in curtailing misbehavior and promote self-discipline in students (Charles, 1996). Effective discipline is emotionally disconnected from student actions (Henley, Ramsey and Algozzine, 1999). According to Dreikurs, discipline is a process in which students learn to impose reasonable limits on themselves (Charles, 1996).
“Classroom management deals with how things are done. Discipline deals with how people behave.” (Marshall, 2011) The most important thing about classroom management is control. A teacher must have control to be successful. When a teacher losses control, students become bored, disinterested, and restless, which often causes behavior problems. Avoid misbehavior by setting classroom rules early in the year. These guidelines allow students to know the expectations the teacher has for them and the consequences of not following the rules. Never continue instruction when rules are broken, this cause total loss of control, which leads to behavior problems.
Classroom management is a necessary component to every classroom. It includes creating a set of rules and clear expectations that all students follow. This helps unify the classroom for both the teacher and students allowing for a smooth, effective, and educational environment. When the students are aware of what is expected, they are motivated in order to attain the goals dispensed by the teacher. Some students are naturally motivated and want nothing more than to surpass goals for the sake of triumph and pleasing the teacher. Other students need extrinsic motivation in order for them to become engaged in
Of course, classroom management also includes discipline and corrective methods. In my situation, I feel that giving students behavioral boundaries and setting high behavioral