Obesity a risk factor in which excess body fat accumulates and can have negative effects on your health. Here we identify how the hormone insulin reacts in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and its role on adipogenesis. Adipogenesis is the development of fat cells from pre adipocytes. Insulin is an important factor in the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre adipocytes to mature adipocytes. Oil Red O (ORO) is used to demonstrate the presence of lipids in each different treatment. A spectrophotometer is used to get the optical density of liquid at the different insulin concentrations. One factor CREB is revealed from preadipocytes to mature adipocytes. By demonstrating how insulin triggers transcription factors. When cells are insulin induced CREB is activated in differentiation. Insulin increased the rate of differentiation and the amassing of triglycerides in 3T3-L1 cells . Insulin was able to induce adipogenesis by observing cell morphology and optical density of liquid from ORO stain. Insulin at 1 µg/ml had the optimal rate of differentiation compared to the other insulin concentrations. Morphology of cells changed significantly from Day 0 to Day 7 at 1 µg/ml and appeared larger and …show more content…
The interplay between insulin and adipogenesis can be seen in humans when it comes to obesity and weight gain. The fat tissue is pivotal in directing insulin affectability and hazard for diabetes through its lipid stockpiling limit endocrine capacities. Subcutaneous fat tissue (SAT) stores abundance lipids through development of adipocytes (hypertrophic weight) as well as enrollment of new cells (Gustafson, Hedjazifar, Gogg, Hammarstedt & Smith, 2015). As adipocytes expand, one form of adipose tissue called white adipose tissue (WAT) stores excess lipids and could lead to hypertrophic obesity; further demonstrating that insulin has a connection in fatty tissue buildup and later health risks in
The unknown bacterium that was handed out by the professor labeled “E19” was an irregular and raised shaped bacteria with a smooth texture and it had a white creamy color. The slant growth pattern was filiform and there was a turbid growth in the broth. After all the tests were complete and the results were compared the unknown bacterium was defined as Shigella sonnei. The results that narrowed it down the most were the gram stain, the lactose fermentation test, the citrate utilization test and the indole test. The results for each of the tests performed are listed in Table 1.1 below.
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Insulin resistance can be defined as a physiological condition in which cells have a diminished response to normal actions of the hormone insulin. Insulin is produced, but the cells become resistant and are less capable of transporting glucose from the bloodstream to muscle and other tissues. In horses, insulin resistance is associated with a number of diseases such as Equine Metabolic Syndrome (Powell, et al., 2002; Hoffman, et al., 2003;Vick, et al., 2006 and Frank, et al., 2009), Equine Cushing Disease (McGowan, et al., 2004 and Walsh, et al., 2009) and Laminitis (Treiber, et al., 2006;Bailey, et al., 2007;M Obesity and insulin resistance in ponies has become a common problem and there is a growing awareness of the role that diet and exercise have to play (Jeffcott, et al., 1986; Frank, et al., 2006 and Vick & Adams, 2007). Over-expressed adipocytokines, such as leptin, have been suggested to impair insulin signalling and cause the up regulation of inflammatory cytokines.
Type 1 diabetes has a genetic onset that often occurs in adolescence (Porth, 2005). It is an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells within the liver are destroyed (Dorman, 1993). This causes a deficiency in insulin secretion, which ultimately leads to high blood glucose levels, also referred to as hyperglycemia (Guthrie & Guthrie, 2004). The mechanism for insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia is described in more detail in the following section and in Figure 1.
Sethi, J. K., Vidal-Puig, A. J., (2007). Targeting fat to prevent diabetes. Cell Metab. . 5 (5), 357-70.
There are two categories of human adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Adipose tissue can be further classified as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Adipose is composed of adipocytes, pre-adipocytes, fibroblasts, and immune cells. A vascular network runs through adipose while nerves innervate the tissue as well. Adipocytes found in WAT contain a single large lipid droplet which is considered an organelle. The nucleus and other organelles are displaced to the side of the adipocyte close to the membrane [1].
Extra credit 1). Propose an experiment to test the importance of this property for transmembrane protein insertion and orientation. Up to 2.5 pts¬¬
Insulin, Glucagon and Somatostatin The principal role of the pancreatic hormones is the regulation of whole-body energy metabolism, principally by regulating the concentration and activity of numerous enzymes involved in catabolism and anabolism of the major cell energy supplies. The earliest of these hormones recognized was insulin, whose major function is to counter the concerted action of a number of hyperglycemia-generating hormones and to maintain low blood glucose levels. Because there are numerous hyperglycemic hormones, untreated disorders associated with insulin generally lead to severe hyperglycemia and shortened life span. Insulin is a member of a family of structurally and functionally similar molecules that include the insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2), and relaxin.
We investigated the effects of sunlight exposure on leaf stomata density. Our hypothesis stated that stomata density in the leaves with more sunlight exposure should be greater because in the leaves exposed to sunlight appeared to be healthier than the leaves in the shade. Our hypothesis was rejected, and the leaves with little to no sunlight exposure had a greater stomata density.
The onset of obesity is believed to stem from multiple causes, both physiological and environmental. An example of a cause of obesity might include the lack of exercise, however in this review I will foc...
According to a study led by Jamey Marth, “High levels of fat shut down a key enzyme that promotes glucose sensing in pancreatic beta cells-revealing a pathway implicated in the Type 2 diabetes epidemic” (Bushman and Foulsham, 2011). Those who are obese have a high body mass index; therefore, one would have high levels of fat cells in one’s body. These fat cells lead to the development of diabetes. Obesity is brought on by many factors; however, poor diet and lack of exercise seems to be the leading causes to the contribution to the onset of diabetes.
Insulin is a hormone released from the pancreas which controls the amount of glucose in the blood (Kishore, 2014). The pancreas is stimulated by glucose in the bloodstream in order to produce insulin. Insulin is needed to help transport glucose from the blood into the cells of the body. The glucose is then transformed into energy for the body once inside the cells. The glucose levels in the blood vary throughout the day and is
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic illnesses nationwide, impacting approximately 29.1 million Americans. DM poses as a significant public health concern as its’ prevalence steadily increases diabetes poses as an enormous public health challenge because it steadily increases every year (ADA, 2014). The more common type of diabetes is type 2 which is the progressive failure of pancreatic beta cells. Type 2 diabetes leads to hyperglycemia and insulinopenia. Well over 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes are obese or overweight. This makes obesity and type 2 diabetes correlated to one another (ADA, 2014). In order to be diagnosed for diabetes blood glucose levels are measured. If a patient’s fasting blood glucose levels are
This is likely due to a variety of metabolic adaptations that increase the body’s ability to use fat as a substrate, including the following: “decreased muscle and liver glycogen storage and rate of breakdown, increased gluconeogenesis, increased triacylglycerol storage, and utilization, increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity, increased ketone production, and decrased use of glycolysis-dervied acetyl-CoA” (Fleming et al.,
Insulin resistance is predominant in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In these cases, diabetes is just one aspect of a syndrome of metabolic disorders. High blood glucose levels in these people are often associated with obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL. Into the metabolic syndrome we can find different pathologies like hypertension, vascular diseases like CAD, CVD and PAD. This compilation of abnormalities is referred to insulin resistance