Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic illnesses nationwide, impacting approximately 29.1 million Americans. DM poses as a significant public health concern as its’ prevalence steadily increases diabetes poses as an enormous public health challenge because it steadily increases every year (ADA, 2014). The more common type of diabetes is type 2 which is the progressive failure of pancreatic beta cells. Type 2 diabetes leads to hyperglycemia and insulinopenia. Well over 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes are obese or overweight. This makes obesity and type 2 diabetes correlated to one another (ADA, 2014). In order to be diagnosed for diabetes blood glucose levels are measured. If a patient’s fasting blood glucose levels are …show more content…
Oral medications are divided into classes and each class of medication works on different parts of the body to help lower glucose levels. Also, each class of medication has different side effects associated with it. According to the American Diabetes Association, ADA, guidelines the first line therapy when being diagnosed with diabetes is to be started on Metformin. Metformin belongs to the biguanide class of medication. Biguanide oral medications work directly with the liver in order to improve glucose sensitivity. The number one side effect of Metformin is gastrointestinal events such as diarrhea or loose stools, stomach cramping, nausea, vomiting and overall abdominal discomfort that more than 10% patients experience. Over a period of time metformin can cause side effects that will cause more harm for the patient than actual benefit. Patients will start to take Metformin but however due to the uncomfortable side effects many patients decide to stop taking the drug because they find that this drug isn’t for them FIND STATISTICAL MEASUREMENT. Another serious and sometimes life threatening event that could happen while being on metformin is lactic acidosis but is a very rare side effect. Lactic acidosis is when there is a decrease of the pH level in the blood and body tissues and a built up of lactic acid. This condition usually occurs when a patient works out vigorously and the cells in their body don’t receive enough oxygen which in the end causes a buildup of lactic acid. This condition can be very detrimental to a patient's life because it can lead to a coma or possibly death FIND AMOUNT OF PATIENTS THAT HAVE PASSED AWAY THROUGH THIS DRUG (Vroomen-Durning, 2015). Even though some of these side effects are rare the patient is still at risk while taking this drug versus TLC where there are no known side
Glucose is a sugar that plays a big part in a human’s health and well-being. This sugar is a major source of energy for the body’s brain and cells. The Cells that receive energy from glucose help in the building of the body’s muscle and tissue. Although glucose may be important to the body too much of this sugar can cause a chronic condition called Diabetes. Diabetes, also known as Diabetes mellitus, is a chronic condition that is caused by too much sugar in the blood. This condition can affect all age groups. In fact, in 2010 a survey was taken by the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, on the number of newly diagnosed diabetes. Out of 1,907,000 people: 24.38% were ages 20-44, 55.17% were ages 45-64, and 20.45% were ages 65 and greater. Diabetes is a very serious condition, and it can be deadly if left untreated. This paper will help better educate the reader on the signs and symptoms, the testing process, and the management of diabetes.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious disease with complications that may have fatal results in some cases. DKA is defined as an insulin deficiency that occurs when glucose fails to enter insulin into muscles such as: liver and adipose tissue. When there is an accumulation of ketones, it leads to metabolic acidosis which causes nausea and vomiting, as a result fluid and electrolytes are lost (Gibbs). There are many complications of diabetic ketoacidosis, some of the most prevalent are: Cerebral Edema, Hypoglycemia, and Acute Pancreatitis.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious disease with complications that may have fatal results in some cases. DKA is defined as an insulin deficiency that occurs when glucose fails to enter insulin into muscles such as: liver and adipose tissue. When there is an accumulation of ketones, it leads to metabolic acidosis which causes nausea and vomiting, as a result fluid and electrolytes are loss (Gibbs). There are many complications of diabetic ketoacidosis, some of the most prevalent are: Cerebral Edema, Hypolglycemia, and Acute Pancreatitis.
The most common sides effects associated with Metformin are gastrointestinal complaints; some of which are severe enough to cause patients to discontinue the medication. These include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and indigestion (Wilbur, 2013). Patients should see a decline in these side effects with continued use. Taking Metformin with food helps with these GI side effect...
Metabolic acidosis starts in the kidneys. Diabetic acidosis happens in diabetic patients with poor control over their condition. Ketones build up and turn the blood acidic if the body lacks sustainable insulin. Hyperchloremic acidosis is a result from a decrease of sodium bicarbonate. Diarrhea and vomiting
Throughout the whole of the United Kingdom, between 2 and 3 of every 100 people have a known form of diabetes (DTC, 2004). What is diabetes? Explained simply, it is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. In the normal state of glucose function, there is a stable release and uptake of glucose, regulated by two hormones produced in the pancreas, glucagon and insulin. There are two distinct mechanisms which give rise to the abnormal blood glucose levels seen in patients with type I and type II diabetes. In type I diabetes, a deficiency in insulin production at the pancreas results in elevated blood glucose levels due to the lack of hormonal regulation. In type II diabetes, although the pancreas produces regular levels of insulin, the body resists the effect of insulin, inhibiting the ability of insulin to break down glucose in the blood. Because of the inherent differences in the biochemical mechanisms of these two diseases, the characteristics associated with type I and type II diabetes are very different. The typical onset of type I diabetes is usually ...
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. American Diabetic Association. (2003). Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 26, 3160-3167. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160
Frequent urination results from the body trying to excrete the excess glucose and thirst follows as dehydration sets in. Hunger, fatigue, mental fogginess, irritability, and mood changes result from a deficiency in ATP as the body cannot produce enough purely through fat metabolism via ketones. Acetone breath quickly follows as the body starts to upregulate fat metabolism in an attempt to use ketones for ATP production. This metabolic pathway creates various ketones, but one ketone acetone, is toxic and is excreted via the lungs. It can be detected as a “fruity” odor in the breath. This upregulation of fat metabolism creates a crisis known as diabetic ketoacidosis which can lead to a coma or even death (Harvey, 2012). Another life threatening acute symptom which is not as common in type 1 as type 2 diabetes is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketonic syndrome or HHNS which can result in serious consequences such as a coma or even death. It is caused by increasing blood sugar and dehydration without the presence of ketones (Harvey, 2012). It can be caused by severe infection, severe illness, and medications that reduce glucose tolerance and increase fluid loss (Harvey, 2012). The various acute symptoms of type 1 diabetes are just as deadly as the long term effects of poor blood sugar
Diabetes is a disease that is very common in the world. Early detection of diabetes can significantly decrease the risk of it getting worse throughout a person’s life. There are symptom...
Diabetes is a disease that affects the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cells of the body and be used for energy. Diabetes falls into two main categories: type 1, or juvenile diabetes, which usually occurs during childhood or adolescence, and type 2, or adult-onset diabetes, the most common form of the disease, usually occurring after age 40. Type 1 results from the body’s immune system attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The onset of juvenile diabetes is much higher in the winter than in the summer. This association has been repeatedly confirmed in diabetes research. Type 2 is characterized by “insulin resistance,” or an inability of the cells to use insulin, sometimes accompanied by a deficiency in insulin production. There is also sometimes a third type of diabetes considered. It is gestational diabetes, which occurs when the body is not able to properly use insulin during pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes encompasses nine out of 10 diabetic cases. Diabetes is the fifth-deadliest disease in the United States, and it has no cure. The total annual economic cost of diabetes in 2002 was estimated to be $132 billion, or one out of every 10 health care dollars spent in the United States. Diabetes risk factors can fall into three major categories: family history, obesity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Minority groups and elderly are at the greatest risk of developing diabetes.
The purpose of this study is to research the disease Type 2 Diabetes and to discover whether it is being effectively treated and prevented in Merced County, California. According to the National Institutes of Health, Diabetes Mellitus is “a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. It is also the most common form of Diabetes”.1 Furthermore, there are many risk and lifestyle factors associated with this disease, but the most prevalent are; obesity (#1 risk factor), sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating habits, family history and genetics, increased age, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, and a history of gestational diabetes.2 The long term complications of having type 2 diabetes can include but are not limited to; eye problems (cataracts and glaucoma), foot problems (neuropathy/ nerve damage), skin problems (infections), high blood pressure (which raises your risk for heart attack, stroke, eye problems and kidney disease), hearing loss, oral health, mental health and early death.3
For type II Diabetes, patient takes metformin to inhibit the production of glucose in liver and to increase the sensitivity to insulin
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than usual. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not create enough insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is produced, but is not adequate in lowering blood glucose levels or there is resistance to the insulin (Edwards, 2007, p. 9). Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, foot and leg amputations, and new cases of blindness in the United States (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1465-66). People with type 1 diabetes are required to take insulin to manage their glucose levels. People with type 2 diabetes are usually prescribed oral medications such as sulfonylurea agents, meglitinide analogues, or biguanides to help control their glucose levels. Twenty to 30% of people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy as well (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1471). In addition to medication therapy, diet and weight control can help manage both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because diabetes mellitus can cause such severe complications, it is important that people with diabetes understand the importance of certain health and lifestyle choices, such as their diet and weight to manage their disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus should pay special attention to the amount of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and minerals that are included in their diet. Monitoring these components of their diet, along with weight management, can help control their diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome which causes relative or absolute insulin deficiency and characterized by hyperglycemia. The most common type is Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Metformin which is a biguanid group drug is the first line treatment for diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycemia does not usually occur with metformin and other advantages are the lower incidence of weight gain. It is mainly absorbed in intestine inhibits the hepetia gluconeogenesis and increases insulin sensitivity. Metformin is contraindicated in patients with hepatic, renal, heart and respiratory failure.
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body’s tissues absorb glucose which is sugar, so it can be used as a source of energy. Glucose levels build up in the blood and urine which causes excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism in a diabetic person. Diabetes is very common in the United States; it is the seventh leading cause of all deaths. Women have been diagnosed with diabetes more than men. There are two forms of diabetes, Type one and Type two diabetes. Type one diabetes is when the body does not produce insulin or produces it in very small quantities. This usually occurs in younger people under twenty years of age, mostly around puberty. Type two diabetes is when the body’s balance between insulin production and the ability of cells to use insulin doesn’t work properly. This is more common than type one; about 90-95% people in the United States have it. There are no cures for diabetes now but there are many researchers investigating factors through new technologies to cure them. Meanwhile, technological advancements are being made to keep glucose at a good level for diabetes.