A very popular science experiment uses the reaction between baking soda and vinegar to model a volcanic eruption. Why does this reaction occur? It’s all because of the molecules that make up sodium bicarbonate(baking soda) and acetic acid (vinegar). Everything around us is made of molecules. Those molecules can be divided into atoms and the atoms can be divided into subatomic particles. Atoms contain 3 types of subatomic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons are positively charged and are attracted to the electrons which are negatively charged. The neutrons are neither positive or negative, they are neutral and they hold together the protons in the nucleus(blue book). The identities of the things around us depend on these particles. For example, carbon has 6 protons and nitrogen has 7 protons(comp. book). Nitrogen only has 1 more proton than carbon, but the 2 elements are completely different. At room temperature, carbon is a solid(http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele006.html) and nitrogen is a gas(http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html). How a molecule is bonded also affects the properties of a substance and, in turn, how it will react with other substances. An example of this is the famous reaction between baking soda and vinegar. If it weren’t for the elements in these substances and the particles in those elements, they would not be able to make the reaction that they do.
A molecule is a group of atoms that are bonded together. Some are covalently bonded and others are ionically bonded. For example, an organic compound is a compound that is covalently bonded(blue book). Because it is covalently bonded, it’s valence electrons are shared, instead of transferred, like an ionic bond. For examp...
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...O3 → H2O + CO2. This carbon dioxide comes out as gas bubbles that overflow the container, which is usually a volcano model. (http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemicalreactions/f/What-Is-The-Equation-For-The-Reaction-Between-Baking-Soda-And-Vinegar.htm)(http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemicalvolcanoes/ss/volcano.htm)
The amount and types of particles all create the identities of elements. Whether or not an element can react with another and the type of reaction that occurs all depends on how many protons, neutrons, and electrons its atoms have. Therefore, the reaction between sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid depends on the properties of elements they are made of, which depend on how many electrons there are in the valence layer. Next time you see a chemical or physical reaction, know that it all happened because of minute particles within the substance.
The question I was trying to answer is Which balanced chemical equation best represents the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate. Using that question to guide us we were trying to determine which of the four chemical equations show how atoms are rearranged during thermal decomposition. We concluded it was the second chemical equation, we know that because:
Baking Soda and Vinegar: Limiting Reactant Lab Background The limiting reactant of a chemical reaction is the substance that places an upper bound on the amount of product that the reaction can produce. The limiting reactant places this upper bound because the reaction must stop once all of the limiting reactant is consumed. If the relative amount of reactants is altered, then the limiting reactant may change accordingly.
The bicarbonate then reacts with the hydrogen from the citric acid, and this reaction makes water and carbon dioxide. By mixing water with the Alka-Seltzer® tablet, the whole reaction process is started, and that process ultimately results in bubbles of carbon dioxide gas being given off. When the film canister is capped, this gas that is being given off is suddenly contained inside an enclosed space. The pressure inside the canister then rises until there is too much force for the lid to stay sealed (attached to the canister). The built up pressure is strong enough, and exerts enough force to push the canister quickly into the air, forming the
Investigation of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and marble chips A chemical reaction is when two or more substance called reactants are chemically bonded to form a new product, as a result of the process, for a reaction to take place, the particles must have enough kinetic energy to collide and form new bonds , this is called a successful collision. The minimum amount of energy needed for a successful collision is activation energy, which is “The energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process can occur”. Chemical reaction is different to a physical reaction, chemical reaction are not reversible and results in a new product, however a physical reaction can be easily reversed as it only changed its state. The activation energy is able to loosen particles and enable them to from new bonds to produce new products. The faster the molecules are moving the bigger the chance of a successful collision, so the faster and stronger the reaction will be , the more kinetic energy a reactant has the easier it is for the new bonds the collide and produce new bonds.
The reaction between the sugar in the gummy bear and the melted potassium chlorate in this experiment is an example of an exothermic reaction. An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy as heat or light. When potassium chlorate is melted, it produces potassium chloride and oxygen. When the sugar and oxygen react, energy accumulated in the chemical bonds of the sugar molecules is released. This is a combustion reaction, an exothermic process in which a substance reacts specifically with oxygen to produce heat, water, and carbon dioxide. During the process of combusting the sugar in the gummy bear with oxygen, the products formed are heat, a purple flame (light), carbon dioxide, and water.
Unit 7: Chemical Reactions: Students will understand the basic concepts of reactions, bonding, the “mole” and how this relates to the law of conversion of matter.
In this experiment, the calcium carbonate was in the form of marble chips. The calcium carbonate reacted with hydrochloric acid when the acid was poured into marble chips. Due to calcium carbonate’s higher reactivity, it displaced hydrogen in the hydrochloric acid. As a result, products of calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water were formed. As the chemical reaction occurred, the water in the measuring cylinder was displaced and gas bubbles that were blowing out represented carbon dioxide.
The reason I believe this is that chemical reactions occur when particles of the reacting substances collide. Increasing the number of the particles increases the number of collisions per second and this increases the reaction rate. In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate you can increase the number of particles in two ways. The first of these is to increase the surface area of the calcium carbonate.
The higher the concentration of acid, the more particles of acid there are in the solution. Therefore it is more likely for a successful collision between an acid particle and a calcium carbonate particle to occur. · The temperature of the environment that the experiment takes place in. When reacting substances are heated, the particles have more energy.
If they collide with sufficient energy, then they will react. The minimum amount of kinetic energy required for particles at the time of collision is called the activation energy and this theory is known as the?collision theory?. Reactions occur in all circumstances. Chemicals are always combining and breaking up. Reactants and products combine and break apart in all reactions.
From these properties of bonds we will see that there are two fundamental types of bonds--covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding represents a situation of about equal sharing of the electrons between nuclei in the bond. Covalent bonds are formed between atoms of approximately equal electronegativity. Because each atom has near equal pull for the electrons in the bond, the electrons are not completely transferred from one atom to another. When the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms in a bond is large, the more electronegative atom can strip an electron off of the less electronegative one to form a negatively charged anion and a positively charged cation. The two ions are held together in an ionic bond because the oppositely charged ions attract each other as described by Coulomb's Law.
An ionic compound is defined as “a chemical compound of cations and anions which are held together by ionic bonds in a lattice structure”. This basically means that a compound is formed when the transfers of electrons occur from metal loosing electrons and becoming cations/+ (to achieve a complete outermost shell) and non-metals gaining electrons and becoming anions/- (to complete their outermost shell). These ions of opposite charges are powerfully attracted to one another and form very tight bonds. Covalent compounds are formed when two or more non-metal atoms bond by sharing valence electrons to complete their outermost shell. Valence electrons are the spare electrons on the outermost shell and are always the ones involved in bonding. Atoms share these electrons to achieve the noble gas structure and this is why ionic compounds give/take electrons as well. Some characteristics of ionic compounds would be: that it includes metals bonding with nonmetals, the positive/negative charges, its crystal lattice, the fact that it is non malleable, their high melting points, they conduct electricity (only if molten or dissolved), they are soluble in water and that they are solid at room temperature. Some characteristics of covalent bonds would be: that it occurs between 2 nonmetals; elements share electrons in molecules; low melting points (due to their weak bonds) and the fact that they are usually gases, sometimes liquids and rarely solids at room
In order for a volcanic eruption to occur, a substance known as magma must be present. Magma often collects in magma chambers (directly below the volcano) that feed a volcano. Magma consists 96% of molten, or liquid, rock, due to the extremely high temperatures (1300 °F to 2400 °F) located in the Earth’s mantle(4). This molten rock contains very many solids known as “rock forming silicate minerals,” such as carbon, iron, silicon, aluminum, and magnesium, as well as many others. While a large portion of magma is made up of these substances, magma also contains various volatiles that play an extremely vital role in a volcano’s eruption. Volatiles are substances with low melting points that are released as a liquid or gas when an eruption occurs, such as water, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide ...
Acids are substances that, when added to water produce hydrogen ions. Hydrogen Ions are the combination of hydrogen and water molecules. There are many types of acids, which consist of citric, hydrochloric, carbonic, sulfuric, acetic, nitric, phosphoric, and lactic acids. Acids react with zinc, magnesium, and aluminum forming hydrogen. They turn blue litmus paper red. Litmus is used to check for acidity. Acids are sour, react with metals to produce hydrogen gas, and react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas. Strong acids dissociate in water forming hydrogen ions and an anion. Weak acids partially dissociate in water, to form hydrogen ions and an anion, an anion is a negatively charged particle.