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Gender roles impact within families
How does gender shape one's identity
Personal experiences and gender identity
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1. Using Kohlberg’s model of gender role development, discuss the variability of gender stereotypes for children at different ages. What accounts for children’s learning of these stereotypes? P. 153
Kohlberg defined the steps in gender role development to three steps. The first step, the kids (ages 1-3) begin learn their gender identity by their parents (adult) education. In this step also Kohlberg mentioned that the kids know their gender by observations of sex differences. As Kohlberg says “ they categorize themselves as a boy or a girl during this period” (Bergen 2008, p. 153). Teaching kids in early periods of their life makes them more receptive to their identity, even their knowing about their gender still changeable.
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This work (repeat the teaching) could make the kids realize and know their genders. The second step, in ages 3-5, when the kids know exactly what their gender, the parents want to let them do activity together. In this step, it is very hard to do that for boys particularly because their stereotypes about the gender are very stronger than the girls. This is back to the learning that they (boys) got from their previous step. In the third phase, we find that Kohlberg believes that children age 6 to 10 years begin to comprehend the gender differences between them. We find that kids at this stage, they begin to develop their skills on this basis. At this stage may not happen without any intervention of the parents, but the children get some confusion; for example, a child who has a tendency to carry out activities of gender, we find the parents are suffering at this stage because the child 's return to its own stereotypes. Also, at this stage, we find that the competition between the sexes is increasing somewhat, so that we see the kids are trying to prove gender personality. We can now say that the stereotype of children throughout
Children develop their first sense of self at around age four, when they develop metacognition. (Berk, 2006) In pursuit of their self, they start to develop personal identities, informing their likes and dislikes as well as their disposition. Although children are born into a certain sex, they do not immediately develop a sense of gender. Their gender forms at the same time as their sense of self, by observing their outside environment. But even before the child understands their sense of self, they are already placed into gender specific play from around age 2 (Zosuls, 2007).
Martin, C. L., Wood, C. H., & Little, J. K. (1990). The development of gender stereotype components. Child Development, 61(6), 1891-1904. doi:10.2307/1130845
How do children learn to be men or women? Penelope Eckert is a professor of linguistics and anthropology at Stanford University, and Sally McConnell-Ginet is a professor of linguistics at Cornell University. They wrote an article “Learning to Be Gendered,” published in 2013 in the book “Language and Gender.” The authors argue that society has many ways to shape children’s gender by their behaviors since their birth. Eckert and Ginet show to the readers that the parent teaches their child’s behavior.
Through the title of the essay, “Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender”, it’s already possible to verify that the author, Judith Lorber, claims that gender was created by the society in order to separate the two sexes, and, in some ways, make them complementary or dependent on each other. She believes that gendering is ingrained in every culture, and is one of the main ways of stratifying a society, besides age. Although, unlike age, it does not rely on abilities, such as motor skill and cognitive development; it relies mainly on perpetrated gender roles that do not reflect the true strengths and weaknesses of each people. Gendering is done so naturally that people only notice it when it goes against the usual binary pattern – male and female. The problem is how to stop this from happening, which Lorber doesn’t exactly discuss. It is very unlikely that society will undergo any drastic changes in this current generation, still it is possible to imagine some actions that could be implemented early in the process of child development to generate a solution for future generations.
Recent research on the interaction of gender, ethnicity, and identity has shown that every culture have had some effect on children’s and their awareness of gender bias. For example, studies has shown that eleven and twelve year old girls are more than likely to believe that they are targets of gender bias than boys, while on the other hand, boys are not as concerned with gender bias or stereotypes as girls seem to be and are usually unaware of it’s concept (Brown, Bigler & Chu,2010).
One theory of gender role development would be Kohlberg's theory of gender development (1966). His theory indicates that gender develops throughout different stages. Therefore, he predicts that children think about gender in characteristic ways in each stage. Going through the various stages children develop a more complex understanding of behaviour. The different stages are gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy.
The actual timeframe in which kids discover their genders is open for debate, as not all scientists agree on the ages. Blum states, “some scientists argue for some evidence of gender awareness in infancy, perhaps by the age of 12 months. The consensus seems to be that full-blown “I’m a girl” or “I’m a boy” instincts arrive between the ages of 2 and 3” (Blum 208). Furthermore, the family environment plays a massive role in helping children discover their sex. Children living in a long-established family setting that has a father and a mother might develop their gender identities more closely. In contrast, children in a contemporary family environment might grasp a more diverse view of gender roles, such as everyone participating in cleaning the house and not just mom. As children grow older, they naturally develop behavior patterns of close relations with the kids of the same sex, and prefer to spend their time with them. Blum explains “interviews with children find that 3-year-olds say that about half their friendships are with the opposite sex” (Blum 208). In this stage of life, the boys want to hang out with other boys. Similarly, girls wanted to spend more time with the other girls. As a result, each gender has little or no contact with each other until they approach their teenage years. Overall, the question here is whether our gender roles occur naturally or affected by family and friends. I believe it is a case for both, because I remember growing up in a “traditional” household where I saw the distinctions between my mother and father. My father went to work every day and my mother took care of me and my brother. Furthermore, my understanding of gender carried on into my school years, as I preferred hanging out with other boys and did boy stuff until I started dating. I also understand that gender behaviors and roles do not stop at this point, and we continue to develop other behaviors
Miller, C., Lurye, L., Zosuls, K., & Ruble, D. (2009). Accessibility of Gender Stereotype Domains: Developmental and Gender Differences in Children. Sex Roles, 60(11/12), 870- 881. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9584-x Trautner, H. M., Ruble, D. N., Cyphers, L., Kirsten, B., Behrendt, R., & Hartmann, P. (2005).
It is not an easy task for a child to understand the obligations that accompany their assigned gender, yet while they encounter difficulties processing these thoughts they are also achieving a greater sense of identity. Different stages of life consist of social rules that encode how one is to behave, however, it is not clearly defined when the transition should occur from young girl to young woman. It is not surprising that learning about gender roles and their associated responsibilities is not an easy part of a young child’s maturation and is often the result of a very emotionally charged collection of experiences.
The research on sex role stereotyping is currently growing. There are many theories regarding its existence. Some attribute the sex roles to the media, literature and society, but it is a combination of all these factors. Despite the best of intentions by parents to not encourage the sex roles, at the time of kindergarten, children will demonstrate behaviors specific to their sex. It is believed that this phenomenon occurs because the children know that they are either a boy or a girl but are trying to figure out exactly what that means (Seid, 114).
A. In American society many people look at gender as a binary with there being two mutually exclusive categories; male and female. Women are commonly associated with housework, childcare, pink, being emotional and femininity. While men are associated with being the breadwinner, blue, tough and masculinity. Gender typing refers to associating specific objects, colors, qualities and characteristics to one gender that have been socially constructed by the society that the child lives in. Children learn early what behaviors are appropriate for their gender set upon them by their peers, family and the society. Both genders, male and female, each have associated stereotypes, roles and expectations that are place on them by society and dictate what
Part of a child’s upbringing involves what I call “social programming” which adheres to Piaget’s stages of development chart. This social programming happens when the parents pass on their behaviors to their children during the intuitive phase. For example, something as simple as religion can be a product of social programming. By taking a child to a specific church consistently, he or she will come to identify themselves as a part of that particular religion. Within that religion, they will learn what their parents have learned and that is how they are to behave in accordance with their gender.
As a child grows and conforms to the world around them, they go through various stages, one of the most important and detrimental stages in childhood development is gender identity. The development of the meaning of a child’s gender and gender can form the whole future of that child’s identity as a person. This decision, whether accidental or genetic, can affect that child’s lifestyle views and social interactions for the rest of their lives. Ranging from making friends in school all the way to intimate relationships later on in life, gender identity can become an important aspect to ones future endeavors. It is always said that boys and girls are complete opposites as they grow.
Each individual is born with different traits and features. Authors Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, shed light on the different generalizations made on young, developing children. “Learning to Be Gendered” urges readers to recognize the stereotypes placed on each gender. In a society that yearns for gender equality, parents are unknowingly promoting a separate gender line. There is a difference between guidance and conformation. As tiny individuals, it is important for children to play an active role in their
Gender stereotypes are a major issue that divide society, leading individuals to perform unwise actions just to be accepted. In general, the existence of gender stereotypes does humanity a great disservice, as it results in judgement towards those who even vaguely fits this mold. Mistreating those who fit into a stereotype is an unjustified act, causing decreased self-esteem, pressuring many to change their uniqueness in attempt to become the ideal expectation created by society. That said, such stereotypes are too deeply rooted in the mindsets of society that these generalizations are unlikely to dissipate anytime soon. For example, studies find girls before age six are more likely to believe they are as capable in math as boys.