2.4 Translation Procedures There are several theorists of translation procedures i.e translation techniques. According to Vinay and Darbelnet as cited in Walinski (2015), translation procedures can be divided into two types : direct translation and oblique translation. Direct translation can be defined as word by word translation of the target language’s original message. It involves borrowing, calque, and literal translation. Meanwhile, oblique translation is a translation procedure in which the translator interprets, e.g. elaborates or summarizes the explicit contents of the original, includes transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
2.4.1 Direct Translation Because of structural and metalinguistic parallelisms between languages,
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Literal translation is a procedure in which is reversible. Additionally, it is also regarded as an interlinear translation which is desirable to reproduce the linguistic features of the source text. It is highly essential for purposes related to the study of the source language (Larson, 1998, p.17).
2.4.2 Oblique Translation Oblique translation procedures allow translators to exert a strict control over the reliability of their efforts” (p. 61) Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) stated that oblique translation includes transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. However, there are two out of four oblique translation procedures which are discussed in this paper: transposition, and modulation.
2.4.2.1 Transposition Transposition deals with grammatical change from SL to TL, i.e. the alteration from singular to plural, position of adjective, and changing the word class or part of speech (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000, p.133).
2.4.2.2
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62). The change in perspective is required in contexts where a literal translation seems unidiomatic or awkward in the TL although it has correct utterance grammatically. Modulation is divided into two types: Free or Optional Modulation, and Fixed or Obligatory Modulation. Free or Optional Modulation is used to emphasize the meaning or to find out the natural form in the TL. It also deals with ‘negated contrary’, which is a procedure that transforms the value of the ST in translation from negative to positive or vice versa. For example “It isn’t good” is translated to be “it’s bad”. Meanwhile, fixed or obligatory modulation occurs when a word, phrase, or structure cannot be found in the TL. This can be done by translating an active sentence into a passive sentence (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000, p.146).
2.4.2.3 Equivalence According to Walinski (2015, p. 62), equivalence is one of the often used translation procedure in translation process especially in case of the structural and meaning uses in which totally different stylistic and structural methods. from the source text as long as the communication purpose is identical. According to Bell in Siregar (2008, p.61), this method often used to translate the idiomatic sentences and also proverbs. For example : totally identical in English means seperti pinang dibelah dua in Indonesian.
2.4.2.4
Fromkin, Victoria & Rodman, Robert. An Introduction to Language, 6th edition. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace, 1998
"For the translator, who stands astride two cultures, possesses two different sensibilities, and assumes a double identity" —Husain Haddawy
Srinivasa Iyengar, you don’t. Iyengar says, “poetry, by nature, is untranslatable. [A] competent translator can, however, play the good broker between the poet and the reader... and give the intimations of the poet’s sovereign utterance.” But even this seems to suggest that at best, the translator is only a middleman, able to convey the subtleties of the poet’s original work, but not without noted differences. Famous poet Bysse Shelley calls translation of poetry “vain”, saying “it were as wise to cast a violet into a crucible that you might discover the formal principal of its color and odor, as seek to transfuse from one language to another the creations of a poet. The plant must spring again from its seed, or it will bear no
The most noticeable difference in the two translations is the format of writing. The Fitts and Fitzgerald’s Translation was in a formal poem format whereas the Luci Berkowitz and Theodore F. Brunner’s Translation was in a more informal paragraph. The diction of the two paragraphs reflects the formal versus informal aspect as well. For example, in comparing the first lines of both translations, it was noticed that the Fitts and Fitzgerald’s Translation referred to the public as, “generations of the living in the line of Kadmos, nursed at his ancient hearth” (F & F,) while the translators of Luci Berkowitz and Theodore F. Brunner’s Translation referred to the public as simply, “the sons of the ancient house of Cadmus” (LB & TB.) The first translation offered much more information and description of the population of Thebes. Also, the phrase “nursed at his… hearth” requires the reader to be of a higher education because “hearth” is not in the everyday vocabulary of just anyone.
Translanguaging is a theory that encompasses and focuses on language practices of bilingual people (Celic & Seltzer, 2012). Celic and Seltzer (2012) state that translanguaging is a person’s ability and choice to utilize their home language and their second language as resources to make meaning of the things they encounter in every day life. Translanguaging is one of the theories that influence my theoretical framework of my curriculum. This theory is meant to challenge those myths and assumptions about monolingual instruction and bring the belief that monolingualism is the norm versus bilingual practices as being the norm (Celic & Seltzer, 2012). When a bilingual person is translanguaging they are using both their languages in a strategic manner, which is what sets this apart from code switching. The common underlying proficiency theory developed by Cummins (1991) suggests that the first and second language depend on each other and work together, therefore supporting the translanguaging theory. Cummins (1991) believes that if an ELL gets proper second language instruction, their first language skill will then transfer over when learning the second language. This theory is often challenged by monolingual views of second language acquisition, despite the fact that monolingual practices are not well supported by empirical evidence (Cummins, 2007). Translanguaging creates this idea of dynamic bilingualism. Seltzer (2014), describes dynamic
‘Our interest in the parallels between the adaptation inter-texts is further enhanced by consideration of their marked differences in textual form,’
In English literature, the regular syntax of the language is often changed to produce a different
The second type of transposition is used when the translator faces a problem of not finding a grammatical structure in the TL that is equivalent to the grammatical structure of the SL. An example of this type is the English “hand written” (noun= participle) which is translated into Arabic as "مكتوب باليد"
Shift is defined as the movement of one linguistic unit from its position to another position. An example of shift is when a speaker says, “in case she decide to hits it” while he intended to say “decides to hit it.” In the previous example, the suffix “s” disappears from its place and it is added...
The Importance of the Brief for a Translator under the Framework of the Skopos Theory
In the 1960s and 1970s, based on the concept of equivalence, many scholars have developed various views and approaches, which has improved and further developed the translation theory. Nida (as cited in Venuti, 2000), one of the most influential linguists in the translation field, defines two different types of equivalence, which are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses on the form and content of the source text. Dynamic equivalence emphasizes that the translation need to use an unmarked expression, but to provide the same function in the target text. The target text 1 shown in table 1 is an example of using formal equivalence. The Chinese sign ‘注意安全’ has been translated as ‘Attention Safety’. However, due to the differences of the terms between Chinese and English, this target text could be difficult to understand by the target audience. Hence, as Nida (as cited in Venuti, 2000) states by using formal equivalence, it is necessary to use footnotes to help target audience understand these idiomatic terms in the source language. The target text two: ‘Caution!’ is an example of using dynamic equivalence. This translation only translated the first two Chinese characters. The language use of this translation has been made some adjustment to match the context of the target language. However, this translation could provide the same function in the target culture as the function of the source text in the source culture. Thus, Nida’s (as cited in Venuti, 2000) two types of equivalence approach provide some effective methods of translation. After using footnotes or some essential adjustment, the source test could be generally considered as
The work of the translator stars with the reading of the ST: he has to study the lexicon, the grammatical structure, the communicative intention of the writer, and of course the cultural context in which is developed the ST, in order to identify the best translation strategy able to express the original intention.
To show an example to grasp the difference between the two of them, it is enough to claim that in its most basic sense, if the translator cannot find an equivalent for the target language, it is at word level. However, if it is above the word level, the job of the translator becomes tougher because she/he needs to deal with more complicated language elements such as collocations, idioms and fixed expressions as clearly stated by Baker. By referring to the Baker’s reasons for non-equivalence, culture-specific concepts should be counted as the first because it is very obscure that each language reflects its culture in its language and that’s why each language differs from one another. For example, a translator may not find an equivalence for the word ‘speed-dating’ just because it doesn’t exist in the target language. Lack of a superordinate word, specific term; differences in terms of form, expressive meaning and semantic complexity of the languages can be added as other cases where we come across with difficulties. In fact, the skills of the translator is needed at this very point to deal with each situation separately by using various strategies. Using a general word, translating by cultural substitution, paraphrasing and omitting the problematic lexical element can be included as the most common strategies. To refer back to what has been explained previously, the complexity of the translation is determined by such factors. Indeed, interpreters seem to come across with more difficulties since they need to think on the
Translation has always played a key role in shaping cultures, societies, languages, and literatures throughout the history of mankind. On the other hand, in contrast to all its potentials, the discipline has been underestimated within academia and it had not been studied in any systematic way as a planning activity until the last century (Toury, 2002). Having been overshadowed by linguistics and comparative literature, the discipline of translation studies was conceived as a subordinate academic field. This is mainly because translation was merely seen as a code-switching activity and firmly stuck in the paradigms of fidelity and equivalence.
Hutchins, J. (1993). "Latest Developments in Machine Translation Technology: Beginning a New Era in MT Research", MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, Kobe, Japan, pp. 11-34.