2.3.4. Transposition Transposition involves “replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message” (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958/1995: 88). For instance, the ST noun is translated into an adjective or a verb in the TL but it conveys thae same meaning of the ST. Newmark (1988: 85) defines transposition as “a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL.” Newmark gives four types of transposition. The first type is concerned with the form and position of the word. An example is given by Zakhir (2008: 3): “a red car”, "سيارة حمراء"; “a beautiful girl”, "فتاة جميلة". It can be noted from the latter example that the position of the adjective has been changed in the translation and this change depends on the grammatical rules of TL. The second type of transposition is used when the translator faces a problem of not finding a grammatical structure in the TL that is equivalent to the grammatical structure of the SL. An example of this type is the English “hand written” (noun= participle) which is translated into Arabic as "مكتوب باليد" …show more content…
This means that formal equivalence aims to reproduce as closely as possible the same meaning of the ST without paying attention to TL readers, i.e. whether the translation sounds natural for them or not. Nida and Taber (1969: 201) state that formal equivalence “distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard.” An example of formal equivalence is “gloss translation” in which the translator tries to reproduce the form and content of the ST in order to enable students to gain knowledge about SL structure and culture (Nida, 1964:159). Translation shifts are thus not expected to occur when formal equivalence is
The Enuma Elish myth begins with gender equality, with both sexes, contributing equally to the creation of the gods. However, throughout the myth there is a continuous battle between the feminine and the masculine roles. Ultimately, the masculine role wins the battle with the feminine role, Tiamat, paying for it with her life. Tiamat’s transformation is the basis of this struggle between the traditional feminine and masculine roles. Tiamat’s main transition is from motherly into monstrous. When Tiamat fails to meet her role as a wife and a mother she is transformed into an evil figure meant to be hated. In the conclusion of the myth, Tiamat’s body is used in creation by Murduk. This shows how femininity and masculinity both have a place in creation myths.
state different forms of text and go on to talk about each one and how it applies to manipulation
Formal: Creates a distance between the writer and audience by removing most I’s and you’s, and by using elevated, specialized language. Formal tone suggests a serious, high-minded, probably well-educated audience.
Five Factors Theorized to be Important in Countertransference countertransference and the expert therapist, this study looks at how beginning therapists rate five factors theorized to be important in countertransference management: (I) anxiety management, (2) conceptualizing skills, (3) empathic ability, (4) self-insight and (5) self-integration. Using an adaptation of the Countertransference Factors Inventory (CFI) designed for the previously mentioned studies, 48 beginning therapists (34 women, 14 men) rated 50 statements as to their value in managing countertransference. Together, these statements make up subscales representing the five countertransference management factors. Beginners rated the factors similarly to experts, both rating self-insight and self-integration highest. In looking at the personal characteristics which might influence one's rating of the factors, males and females rated self-insight and self-integration highest.
For example, two children of different ages could have the same age-equivalent score but it would be incorrect to say that both children performed at the same level. The way each child determined their answers on the test could be extremely different. All an age-equivalent score would do, is prove that both children answered the same amount of questions correctly.
“Where we substitute one word or image in a sequence for another, we can transfer
Shift is defined as the movement of one linguistic unit from its position to another position. An example of shift is when a speaker says, “in case she decide to hits it” while he intended to say “decides to hit it.” In the previous example, the suffix “s” disappears from its place and it is added...
One of the most important concepts in Translation Studies is equivalence put forward by Eugene Nida (1964). There are two types of equivalent relationship between the source and the target texts according to him, formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses on reproducing the surface structure, i.e. form and content of the source message. On the other hand, dynamic equivalence emphasizes equivalent effect, which implies that translators should aim to produce a similar response in the target audience to that in the source audience. However, scholars have criticized the concept of equivalent effect for being too vague. Moreover, it is almost impossible to create equivalent effect for readers from a different culture. ()
In the twentieth century, the avoidance of the using L1 in classrooms dominated teachers’ minds; as well it was implemented in many policies and guidelines of language teaching (Cook, 2001). Thornbury (2010) listed a set of arguments against using L1 in L2 classrooms mainly for that the translation of L2 into another language will play negative effects on students’ learning process. He pointed out that the use of L1 will result learners to have a cognitive dependence on their mother tongue at the expense of developing independence TL learning. Although the two language systems are not equivalent in many aspects, students may have an awareness of the notion of equivalence of the two languages if translation serves to convey meanings. Some argue that the use of translation to convey the meaning of the TL is more efficient and more memorable. However, Thornbury (2010) sees the opposite. He stated that the simple and direct way of translation will make L2 knowledge less memorable since the process lacks mental efforts in working out meanings.
"nonstandard, adj. and n." OED Online (Oxford: Oxford University Press., 2013) [accessed 14 January 2014].
In human society, translation plays a significant role, which helps realize effective communication among people. Benjamin (as cited in Venuti, 2000) indicates translation is the mode, which plays a function of transmitting information; hence translatability determines whether the information could be effectively and appropriately delivered and is regarded as the “essential quality of certain works”. Throughout history, many scholars have developed translation theories, which provide various effective translation strategies and methods, to explore the translatability. Equivalence theory points out that all languages always share some similarities; hence the languages could be exchanged (Nida, as cited in Venuti, 2000). The skopos theory emphasizes
The work of the translator stars with the reading of the ST: he has to study the lexicon, the grammatical structure, the communicative intention of the writer, and of course the cultural context in which is developed the ST, in order to identify the best translation strategy able to express the original intention.
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2003). An introduction to language (7th ed.). Boston: Heinle.
There is no doubt that scientists have paid attention to MT as one of the main computational-linguistics domains. Slocum (1984) states that the development of MT programmes started in the 1950s. The first applications such as Systran and Meteo were able to translate from one language to another word by word. The research in machine translation has developed significantly in...
Syntax is the study of how words are combined to create phrases and causes in the sentences of a specific language (Freeman and Freeman, 2014). Syntax helps us to make clear sentences that “sound right,” where words, phrases, and clauses each serve their function and are correctly ordered to form and communicate a complete sentence with meaning. The rules of syntax combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences. Not only does it focus on the correct word order for a language, but it also helps show the relationship between the meaning of a group of words. Without proper syntax, a sentence can be meaningless. It is key to understand that while every language does have certain syntax, the syntax does vary from language to language. It