Tobramycin (Tobi, Tobrex) is an Aminoglycoside broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is effective against “gram-negative bacillary infections, and infections caused by staphylococci when penicillin or other less toxic drugs are contraindicated.” (Vallerand, Sanoski, & Deglin, 2013, p.131) Tobramycin is commonly inhaled to manage the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with Cystic fibrosis.
Tobramycin inhibits the growth of bacteria at levels of 30S ribosome. The antibiotic is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, however it is absorbed rapidly by intramuscular injection. Peak serum concentration level of Tobramycin is reached within 30-90 minutes following intramuscular injection. The half-life of Tobramycin is 2-4 hours. Studies in pregnant women have proven there is a possible risk to the fetus with the use of Tobramycin, classifying this antibiotic in Pregnancy Category D. Vallerand, Sanoski, & Delgin found Tobramycin crosses the placenta, and poor amounts may enter through breast milk (p.131). The benefits of Tobramycin therapy can overshadow the potential danger.
Tobramycin is effective at reducing growth and reproduction of gram-negative bacteria. The bacteria P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus aureus are susceptible to Tobramycin. When treating enterococcal infections, which are part of the normal intestinal flora of humans, the addition of penicillin is needed. Tobramycin is used to treat external ocular infections, Urinary tract infection, Pseudomonas infection, Staphylococcus bacteria infection, and Respiratory Tract Infections. To reduce the creation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and to maintain the efficiency of Tobramycin, this ...
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...f inhaler. Patient must disinfect the parts of the nebulizer by boiling them in water every other day of treatment to stop the spread of germs.
Be sure to take medication exactly as directed and do not stop therapy without speaking to health care provider. The nurse should evaluate the effectiveness of any antibiotic treatment to be sure the infection is going away and not getting worse. Improving of the signs and symptoms of infection should be seen by 5 days.
Works Cited
April Hazard Vallerand, Cynthia A. Sanoski, & Judith Hopfer Deglin (2013). Davis’s drug guide for nurses thirteenth edition. Philadelphia: Robert G. Martone
Mosby, Inc. (2013). Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions 9th edition. Missouri: Deborah Vogel
PubChem Compound (2014). Tobramycin. Retrieved from http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=36294
Adegoke AA, Tom M, Okoh AI, Jacob S (2010) Studies on multiple antibiotic resistant bacterial isolated from surgical site infection. Scient Res. Essays 5:3876-81.
Meanwhile, a study made by Palmer found that inhaled antibiotics used as adjunct to systemic antibiotic therapy has proven to improve the clinical outcome of patients with MDR VAP (6). The study also showed a direct relationship between antibiotic resistance with the se of systematic antibiotics. Aerosolized antibiotic used in this study that are proven to be effective are: amikacin, colistin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomycin, and yancomycin.
Newbergh, C. (2005, 11/2005). The Robert Wood Foundation’s Commitment to Nursing. To Improve Health and Health Care, VIII, 1-16.
Women." Journal Of The American Academy Of Nurse Practitioners 24.12 (2012): 726-734. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Mar. 2014.
Compounding all of these solutions, the pharmaceutical industry needs to conduct extensive research on developing new antibiotics for various pathogenic bacteria by studying the bacterial structure. This will help scientists to formulate ways of counteracting the functions of the various constituents of bacteria.
Antibiotics are among the frequently prescribed medicine for treating bacterial infection. Finishing antibiotics is important to prevent remaining bacteria from developing resistance to the antibiotics. However, antibiotics are useless to treat diseases causing by viruses such as colds, flu, coughs, and bronchitis. (emedicinehealth, 2010). So...
Antibiotics have been vital tools in the fight against bacterial infections, however their effectiveness has waned in recent times due to the advent of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. According to a review by P, the uses of antibiotics, as well as influences from the environment have allowed such bacterial strains to respond to changes in their environment rapidly, and so develop resistance. This acquired ability can have serious and broad implications in the medical field, evident in a study by O into the resistance of intestinal Staphylococcus aureus.
Polypharmacy among the elderly is a growing concern in U.S. healthcare system. Patients who have comorbities and take multiple medications are at a higher risk for potential adverse drug reactions. There is a great need for nursing interventions in conducting a patient medication review also known as “brown bag”. As nurses obtain history data from patients at a provider visit, the nurse should ask “what medications are you taking?” and the answer needs to include over-the-counter medications as well. If the response does not include any medications other than prescribed meds, it is incumbent upon the nursing professionals to question the patient further to ensure that no over-the-counter medications or supplements are being consumed. This is also an opportunity for the nurse to question about any adverse reactions the patient may be experiencing resulting from medications. Polypharmacy can result from patients having multiple prescribers and pharmacies, and patients continuing to take medications that have been discontinued by the physician. Nurses are in a unique position to provide early detection and intervention for potentially inappropriate medications and its associated adverse drug reactions.
Handbook AM, Buckley N, Australia PSo. Australian Medicines Handbook 2014: Australian Medicines Handbook Pty. Limited; 2014.
Polypharmacy among the elderly is a growing concern in U.S. healthcare system. Elderly who have comorbities and take multiple medications are at a higher risk for potential adverse drug reactions. Elderly who take over-the-counter medications, herbs, and supplements without consulting their physician are at risk for adverse reactions associated with polypharmacy. Polypharmacy can result from patients having multiple prescribers and pharmacies, and patients who continue to take medications which have been discontinued by the physician. There is a great need for nursing interventions regarding polypharmacy, including medication reviews also known as “brown bag”. As nurses obtain history data and conduct a patient assessment, it is essential to review the patients’ medications and ask open-ended questions regarding all types of medications in which the patient is taking. In addition, the patient assessment is also an opportunity for the nurse to inquire about any adverse reactions the patient may be experiencing resulting from medications. Nurses are in a unique position to provide early detection and intervention for potentially inappropriate medications and its associated adverse drug reactions.
Drug administration forms a major part of the clinical nurse’s role. Medicines are prescribed by the doctor and dispensed by the pharmacist but responsibility for correct administration rests with the registered nurse (O'Shea 1999). So as a student nurse this has become my duty and something that I need to practice and become competent in carrying it out. Each registered nurse is accountable for his/her practice. This practice includes preparing, checking and administering medications, updating knowledge of medications, monitoring the effectiveness of treatment, reporting adverse drug reactions and teaching patients about the drugs that they receive (NMC 2008). Accountability also goes for students, if at any point I felt I was not competent enough to dispensing a certain drug it would be my responsibility in speaking up and let the registered nurses know, so that I could shadow them and have the opportunity to learn help me in future practice and administration.
Antimicrobial sensitivity testing is important clinically because the proper selection of an antimicrobial drug in the treatment of a bacterial infection is ideally based on the knowledge of the sensitivities of the infecting organism. In this laboratory exercise you will be working within a group performing a commonly used test that is designed to determine whether or not an isolated organism is able to be treated using a specific antimicrobial drug. The procedure is called sensitivity testing. This testing method allows clinicians to obtain information needed in order to make an informed and concise decision in reference to the antimicrobial drug usage.
King, Imogene. (2012). In Mosby's dictionary of medicine, nursing, & health professions. Retrieved from http://0-search.credoreference.com.patris.apu.edu/content/entry/ehsmos bymed/king_imogene/0
Firstly, nurses are expected to practice evidence-based health care hence a mastery of information about the essential and safe dose of drugs for a patient is very important for a nurse. Consequently, it could be the determinant between the life and the death of the patient. Pharmacology is a discipline which is mandatory for the nurse to excel in to be efficient in discharging his/her duties. Understanding which drug to use, the right dosage, the expected side effects which may occur and the contra-indications of the various drugs are key in the preservation of
“Website.” 2002 Prentice Hall | a division of Pearson Education, plc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 29 Nov. 2013.Web. 29 Nov. 2013. http://www.prenhall.com/success/MajorExp/MEDmajors.html