Antimicrobial sensitivity testing is important clinically because the proper selection of an antimicrobial drug in the treatment of a bacterial infection is ideally based on the knowledge of the sensitivities of the infecting organism. In this laboratory exercise you will be working within a group performing a commonly used test that is designed to determine whether or not an isolated organism is able to be treated using a specific antimicrobial drug. The procedure is called sensitivity testing. This testing method allows clinicians to obtain information needed in order to make an informed and concise decision in reference to the antimicrobial drug usage.
Methods and Materials
Materials being used in this test include:
• 6 Mueller-Hinton agar plates
• 14 cartridges of antimicrobial drugs
• three automatic dispensers
• two 1mL pipettes and pipette pump
• broth culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
• spreading rod soaking in ethanol
• two forceps soaking in ethanol
• marking pen
• ruler
• antimicrobial sensitivity chart
To start off this lab you will
1. Label the plates wit...
I identified the genus and species of an unknown bacterial culture, #16, and I applied the following knowledge of morphologic, cultural and metabolic characteristics of the unknown microorganism according to the laboratory manual as well as my class notes and power point print outs. I was given an incubated agar slant labeled #16 and a rack of different tests to either examine or perform myself; the tests are as follows: Gram Stain; Nutrient Gelatin Test; Carbohydrate Fermentation; Dextrose, Lactose and Sucrose; IMVIC tests; Citrate, Indole, Mythel-Red and Vogues Proskauer test; as well as a Urease and TSI Test.
After the end of the experiment, the unknown 10 sample was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Come to this conclusion by first beginning with a Gram Stain test. By doing this test it would be easier to determine which route to take on the man-made flow chart. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria have a set of different tests to help determine the unknown bacterium. Based on the different tests that were conducted in lab during the semester, it was determined that the blood agar, MSA, and catalase tests are used for gram positive bacteria while Macconkey, EMB, TSI, and citrate tests are used for gram negative bacteria.
Europeans colonized many nations. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, Europeans colonized most of the Africa. Ignoring the ethnic borders, they created new ones, which caused trouble in the future. Imperialism had both positive and negative effects on Africa.
Most people are familiar with Cybercrime or Computer Crime being crime carried out by use of computers or the Internet. With the growing use of the Internet it is no surprise to anyone that Cybercrime or Computer Crime has been on the rise and has been since the coming of the Internet and anyone can be a victim of cybercrime. Take for example in 2012, 7% of the U.S. population had their identity stolen from online (Harrell, Lang, 2013, pg. 1). There is no denying that the formation and growth of the Internet has had an impact on crime (Wall, 2011, pg. 8). The purpose of this paper is to explain and give an overview of the types of cybercrime, how law enforcement handle these types of crimes, and how prevent cybercrime.
The most effective way to combat pathogenic bacteria which invade the body is the use of antibiotics. Overexposure to antibiotics can easily lead to resistant strains of bacteria. Resistance is dangerous because bacteria can easily spread from person to person. Simple methods for preventing excessive bacterial spread are often overlooked. Not all preventative measures are even adequate. Doctors and patients often use antibiotics unnecessarily or incorrectly, leading to greater resistance. Antibiotics are used heavily in livestock and this excessive antibiotic use can create resistant bacteria and transfer them to humans. In order to reduce resistant bacteria,
Overview of Course: The main idea of the course is to understand organizations by looking and thinking about them metaphorically. Through the examination of organizations, we understand the role of communication throughout the process of creating and maintaining organizations. Furthermore, we understand how culture dominates organization and shapes the way organizations communicate and handle various circumstances within an organization.
The forecast highlights the need for a shift in law enforcement and justice agencies across all jurisdictions to make officers who serve under such departments well equipped to eliminate digital crimes. One of the key areas under such a forecast will be the introduction of appropriate technology with systems that can collect cyber crime data within the jurisdictions in which these crimes take place. Business and private organizations that transact a lot through the internet are at risk of falling prey to cyber criminals and therefore more computer crime laws need to be enacted to seal loopholes that exist in enforcing the law. Privacy laws should be updated to include activities that are done through the web and this will help law enforcers to deal with cyber criminals who gain access to documents and information that they are not entitled to (Taylor, Caeti, & Fritsch, 2010, pp. 310-312).
state and boundary lines currently poses a challenge for law enforcement. When a cyber-crime is
When antibiotics first began to see widespread American usage in the 1940’s, they were heralded as a miracle drug, a description that was not far from the mark considering the great number of debilitating or fatal illnesses that they could rapidly cure. In a time where bacterial diseases that today carry few serious health risks in healthy adults—such as strep throat, ear infections, syphilis, and wound infections—often led to serious debilitation or death, the invention of antibiotics was among the greatest single improvements in public health ever made. And today, more than three quarters of a century after Alexander Fleming discovered the antimicrobial properties of penicillin, antibiotics are as important as ever in maintaining a healthy population, from their ability to treat common infections to the safeguards they provide patients undergoing surgeries and other infection-prone procedures that could otherwise be too risky to perform. However, today many doctors and researchers are beginning to fear that this golden era of antibiotics may be coming to an end due to the ever-increasing threat of antibiotic resistance. There are a number of practices that contribute to increased antibiotic resistance, including the unnecessary prescription, improper dosage, and incorrect usage of antibiotic drugs by humans. But one of the major potential causes of antibiotic resistance does not involve human patients at all. Rather, many believe that the excessive use of antibiotics in food animals is among the leading threats to the future of human ability to fight bacterial infections.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of the Internet, as a result of greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking. According to the Global Village (2014), in 2014, 40.7% of the world’s population uses the Internet in contrast to 20% in 2007. However, as the rate of Internet use increases so do the rate of cybercrimes, that is, crimes committed via the Internet. A report by Norton, an antivirus software maker, in 2012 found that about 431million adults experienced cybercrime per year in 24 countries. The report also found that 69% of adults have experienced cybercrime in their lifetime and there has been a 3% rise in overall cybercrime compared to the 2010 survey. This essay will argue that legal and illegal access to personal information has resulted in an increase in the number of crimes committed, both online and offline.
Considered as the personality of an organization, the culture aims to show to employees how to act within it, but it is especially a kind of mirror promoting its values, beliefs, behaviours and its relationship with the different stakeholders, it is a socially constructed attribute serving to establish an organization. According to Edgar H. Schein, organizational culture is a “pattern of shared basic assumptions (...) learned by a group”, solving its problem of external adaptation, and internal integration, which means it has to be adapted to customers and
It is estimated that over one-half of the antibiotics in the U.S. are used in food animal production. The overuse of antimicrobials in food animal production is an under-appreciated problem. In both human and veterinary medicine, the risk of developing resistance rises each time bacteria are exposed to antimicrobials. Resistance opens the door to treatment failure for even the most common pathogens and leads to an increasing number of infections. The mounting evidence of the relationship between antimicrobial use in animal husbandry and the increase in bacterial resistance in humans has prompted several reviews of agricultural practices by scientific authorities in a number of countries, including the US.
Organizational culture is an area in which conceptual work and scholarship have provided guidance for managers as they have searched for ways to improve their organizations’ effectiveness.
Throughout the years, there has been a steady increase in the amount of cyber crime committed. Technology is a constantly changing entity, constantly evolving, always progressing. Naturally this can make it hard to stay on top of things. In turn, law enforcement runs into various issues regarding cyber crime and cyber terrorism. Cyber crime and terrorism is so complex of a crime that it can be hard to break down the barriers that can lead to justifying the action. Major issues that are prominent in cyber crime and terrorism are that laws vary greatly from country to country. There is also a major lack of knowledge and equipment in many departments as well as training. On top of these major issues, there are also issues with reporting these types of crime and lack of individual knowledge to keep their identity and data secure.
Computer crimes can go as far back as the 1960s, and now it is rapidly growing and becoming more common as people rely more on technology to do everything, such as banking, purchases, listening to music, mailing and communicating amongst peers. Computer crimes needs to be heavily focused on before the government gets wiped out without any money, more people’s lives become ruined and companies become completely bankrupt with bad reputations. Comp...