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Development of human intelligence Darwin
Development of human intelligence Darwin
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Twenty- first century American intelligence is worlds away from President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Not only is intelligence now a multi-agency effort, but the way in which intelligence is collected reflects the products of a technologically advanced society. Early espionage was reliant on human intelligence officers, and for the most part, that was the extent of the intelligence resources. Today, the intelligence collection toolbox is comprised of humans, plus drones, satellites, wiretaps, and other technological innovations. With the introduction of new ways of spying, some experts say that human intelligence (HUMINT) is outdated and is not an effective use of the intelligence community’s time or money due …show more content…
According to Gabriel Margolis, a graduate student at University of North Carolina, the “United State was able to develop a unique intelligence culture which focused on technological means of collection because of its technological advances.” Since American society becomes infatuated with developing the newest piece of technology, that mindset has infiltrated the intelligence community. Additionally, Mark Pomerleau, an editorial fellow with Defense Systems, argues that “advanced satellite and unmanned systems, both of which keep soldiers out of harm’s way, has allowed for the military and covert organizations to shy away from human intelligence gathering, or at the very least, rely on it less.” Pomerleau then goes on to explain how the different technological innovations are more effective and precise than HUMINT. His main argument in favor of signals and imagery intelligence is that technology allows the intelligence community to be more accurate and reduce the risk for human operators. Why send a spy into a high risk area when one can fly a drone overhead and accomplish the same goal? While this argument does not consider and encompass the totality of intelligence operations (understanding the motives of individuals and understanding areas of interest that cannot be collected with technology), his argument does raise a legitimate criticism of human intelligence that fuels the general reliance on technology over
Since, as he establishes, leadership’s political priorities were critical to the ultimate decision in the CIA’s actions, the degree to which the CIA actually concentrated on this mission of collection and analysis depended on the perceived threats from the top. Consequently, the actual level of reliable analysis deteriorated as demonstrated by the example of ORE analysists who were “normatively risk averse” and trying to “get it right,” and provide analysis that fit into the view of their leadership. Lacking trust in their analysists’ conclusions, the CIA proved unable to supply reliable intelligence and forge “collaboration and integration.” Rather than addressing institutional problems the CIA developed a pattern that continued throughout its entire history. Even though it refers to the Reagan era, Immerman’s conclusion that in a time of crisis the CIA deemed that they “required a change in leadership more than an institutional adjustment,” could easily apply to any other period. This application of psychology to history while enlightening does detract from the reader’s understanding of a formation of a CIA “culture” that limited its intelligence analysis efficiency. Without this fundamental comprehension of a CIA “culture,” some of Immerman’s later
The pros of electronic surveillance are extensive. The ability for agents of the United States Intelligence Community (IC) to intercept and process communications and information from foreign powers, agents of foreign powers, international terrorist organizations, and others who seek to engage in activities with such groups, provides the ...
...these intelligence failures, more emphasis is now placed on the creation of intelligence products used on the battlefield. All possible enemy courses of actions are now red teamed in an attempt to produce a much accurate analytical product.
One of the main failures of law enforcement and intelligence agencies identified by both the authors of “The Cell” and Senator Richard Shelby was that the F.B.I. and C.I.A. acted in competition with one another to produce results, as opposed to in centralized collaboration. Gladwell points out that the intelligence community was structured in this manner in response to the failures of the Bay of Pigs operation, which had been based on highly centralized intelligence gathering. In turn, the structure of intelligence agencies at the time of the Bay of Pigs was in response to the failure of decentralized intelligence to identify the threat of an attack on Pearl Harbor. The iterative cycle of intelligence failures and subsequent reform efforts ignores the premise that the failures do not represent evidence of the limitations of intelligence agencies, but rather the limitations of intelligence itself. As Gladwell states, “in our zeal to correct what we believe to be the problems of the past, we end up creating new problems for the
The uneducated are often unaware of how people take advantage of them when under the power of a leader using propaganda. Propaganda is an opinionated advertisement used to control and appeal to people's judgement and emotions, and gets them to do what they want (Stults). Not all persuasion is propaganda, and not all propaganda is bad (Stults). George Orwell writes Animal Farm as an allegorical fable associated with Lenin’s lead over the revolution that established the Communist control of Russia. After the animals of Animal Farm are successful with the Rebellion against Jones, they to lose sight of how the pigs are slowly influencing them. Like the use of propaganda in Russia, the pigs on Animal Farm are able to manipulate the other animals using simplicity and repetition, distortion and bad logic, and fear.
It is critical to initiate change in the culture of intelligence professionals in this new changing support environment. Setting the conditions and training to a strategically deployable capability must be embraced by the TIB/MIBs in each operational theater. Moving beyond the imprinted habits of Cold War intelligence support to the GCC, the MI culture must change to meet future challenges. The MIB must expand its intelligence support beyond the ASCC headquarters in order to truly fulfill its role as a modular intelligence unit. Emergent threats or critical intelligence requirements require an in depth knowledge of a geographical area and groups or individuals that operate in them. This level of detail can only be provided by analysts that are dedicated to one particular geographic area on a steady basis.
Tidd, J. M. (2008). From revolution to reform: A brief history of U.S. intelligence. The SAIS
Since the development of the intelligence quotient, schools in every part of the world have been using the IQ test to categorize millions of students into three groups. These three groups, which are the gifted, the average, and the retarded, are falsifications that perpetuate in our world culture and cause many gifted students to be deemed retarded and vice a versa. Why then is the IQ test so heavily relied on in our school systems? For schools the answer is simple, an I.Q. test is a reliable predictor of a students later performance in academics. This answer is relatively true, but where the I.Q. test falls extremely short is with testing the multiple intelligences of the human brain. The intelligence quotient test, developed by Alfred Binet, was created to evaluate ones intelligence with a test that would yield a numerical value that could be compared with a collective average to determine ones level of intelligence. However, the questions of an I.Q. test, or even the SAT’s for that matter, are testing only the verbal-mathematical forms of intelligence. The human brain is extremely complicated and advanced, and to assume that the indicators of intelligence are only found in logical and linguistic intelligences is a poor assumption at best. A more comprehensive test, which can test all seven types of intelligence, should be implemented into the educational system to ensure every student an education tailored to their strongest abilities.
Technical intelligence collection technology since the end of World War II expanded to meet national policy makers’ needs in a growing, more diverse geopolitical environment.
This is an essay about the different theories of intelligence; it will discuss which theory is best at determining intelligence in my opinion. The information provided will help describe the pros and cons of each of the theories being used to define intelligence, explain why is it important to assess children’s intelligence, and discuss the type of intelligence I possess. The different theories of intelligence are complex and understanding the elements of each can help an individual choose the one that they believe is the best for determining intelligence. Comparing the positive and the negative elements of each theory of intelligence will allow an individual to see both sides of the theory and the flaws that may be twisted
ABSTRACT: Gilbert Ryle’s dispositional analysis of the concept of intelligence makes the error of assimilating intelligence to the category of dispositional or semi-dispositional concepts. Far from being a dispositional concept, intelligence is an episodic concept that refers neither to dispositions nor to ‘knowing how,’ but to a fashion or style of proceeding whose significance is adverbial. Being derivative from the function of the adverb ‘intelligently,’ the concept of intelligence does not have essential reference to specific verbs but rather to the manner or style of proceeding of nearly any verb that is descriptive of the proceedings of an agent. Intelligence- words are expressive of a manner of doing things that may be narrated in one of two ways. The first takes the form of a series of contrasts which, when put together as a list of disjuncts, may be called the contrast-criteria of intelligence. The second may take the form of the characteristic activities which comprise the criteria of intelligence.
A Community of Inquiry, a social gathering of where participants put forth their views and questions are debated, fosters critical reasoning and the ability to express oneself. With regards to human nature, a complex notion that has been described extensively by different philosophies and religions, a CI can be the remedy to a theories diagnosis; yet can also counteract the remedy put forth by the theory. Each human has his or her own theory as to our nature, some classing while others align. Therefore, this essay will explore the merits and pitfalls to engaging in a CI with two distinct theories of human nature being debated.
Counterintelligence (CI) is defined as, “information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protected against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassination conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons, or their agents, or international terrorist organizations or activities. ” The citizenry of the United States on the U.S. Government is the focus of the examination of counter intelligence of citizenry on its national government. Data collected and research performed by James Riedel seeks to establish the citizens as a network of spies on the U.S. Government. The spying of citizens on the government is referred to as “espionage” . Counter Intelligence as acts of espionage committed by U.S. citizens is described by Riedel as short in duration and “poorly paid” .
Psychologists adhering to strong AI such as information processing psychologists believe that nonhuman machines can duplicate human intelligence and those adhering to weak AI such as humanistic and rationalistic psychologists believe that nonhuman machines can only simulate human intelligence. The Humanistic psychologists believe that humans have so many unique characteristics such as creativity, and the innate tendency to self-actualization that they cannot be duplicated. Thinking, according to strong AI, is the manipulation of symbols according to rules, and because computer programs manipulate symbols according to rules, they think. For the proponents of strong AI, computers do not simulate human cognitive processes instead they duplicate
... ago. Conventionally, secrecy has been the constitutive element of intelligence. Proponents argue that secrecy is important for intelligence operations due to the need to protect the sources from which it is obtained and the need to avoid premature judgments. However, critics have broadly questioned the validity of defining intelligence from this perspective and its applicability today. There have been concerns that such a description limits the understanding of where the line between intelligence and information can be drawn. With multiple sources of information in the internet age, open source intelligence has become more prominent than ever before, despite the widespread reluctance of the intelligence community to recognise it. Whether or not the boundary between intelligence and information has collapsed under the weight of big data is a two-dimensional matter.